Chapter 4 Flashcards
Educating nurses: a call for radical transformation
2009 Patricia Benner
The future of nursing: leading change. Advancing health. Four key messages
2011: Institute of Medicine (IOM)
Aiken and call for increased federal support
2009
- Nurses must practice to the fullest extent of the education and training.
- Nurses should obtain higher education levels through a system of improved education with seamless progression across degrees.
- As healthcare in the United States is being transformed, nurses should be full partners With other healthcare professionals in this effort.
- Improved data collections and information infrastructure can result in more effective workforce planning and policy development.
2011: IOM Report
Nursing schools should be financially and administratively separate from hospitals.
Florence Nightingale and formal
nursing preparation
Establishment of first US training schools
1873
432 hospital-owned and hospital-operated nursing programs
1900
Nursing students staffed the hospital
High quality nursing education was not a priority
Diploma program – hospital based nursing education
Investigate ways to prepare nurses for leadership.
Teachers college
Isabel Hampton Robb
First nursing professor in history.
Mary Adelaide Nutting
Mother house of collegiate education
Teachers College
Focused on the students living conditions, nursing education curricula, and teaching method
1907: Educational status of nursing
Clinical learning experiences of students
Hospital control of the schools
Desirability of establishing University school of nursing
Level find specifically for nursing education
Lack of prepared teachers
Goldmark Report focused on:
Establish the first nursing school as a separate university department with its own Dean
1924- Yale University
Nursing schools today and tomorrow – reported the number of existing school
NLNE 1934
A curriculum guide for schools of nursing – outline three-year curriculum
NLNE 1937
- Nursing education program should be established within the system of higher education
- Nurses should be highly educated
- Students should not be used to staff hospitals
- Standard should be established for nursing practice
- All students should meet certain minimum qualifications of graduation
Recommendations of early studies of nursing education
Diploma programs
Baccalaureate program
Associate degree programs
Educational path to become a registered nurse
Needs to qualify nursing as a recognize profession and provide leadership in administration, teaching, and public health
Baccalaureate program – Bachelors degree
First BSN program-1909
University of Minnesota
Five years in duration
Most BSN program
Program was in sharp contrast to the hands on skills in service orientation that was the hallmark of hospital based diploma education
The theoretical, scientific orientation of the BSN program
The Brown Report 1948
Lucille Brown
Nursing for the future:
Basic schools of nursing must be placed in universities and colleges (rather than in hospital) with an effort to recruit men and minorities
The Brown Report
It concluded that baccalaureate education should become the foundations of professional practice
ANA position paper
Recommendations concerning supplies and demands for nurses, nursing rules and functions, and nursing education.
Priorities identified by the study:
The need for increased research into both practice indications of nurses.
Enhanced educational system and curricula.
Lysaught Report
Establish a clear system of nursing education including pathways for educational mobility and development of additional graduate education programs
The major block to the advancement of nursing was the ongoing conflict about education preparation for nurses
1980: National commission on nursing
A minimum educational level for professional nursing practice
BSN
NLN Position Statement
Is the preparation for technical nursing practice
ADN or diploma
NLN Position Statement
A minimal preparation for professional practice.
Baccalaureate degree in nursing
AACN position statement
4- year program. General education plus nursing courses
Faculty qualification – minimum of masters degree
BS and graduates are eligible to take Licensure exams, prepare to move into graduate programs in advance practice certification program
AACN 2008: essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice
Rhode Island nurses institute middle college charter high school in Providence
Characteristics of Pre-licensure baccalaureate programs
It is based on a model developed by Mildred Montag
1952: associate degree programs
Accessibility of community colleges.
Low tuition costs.
Part time and evening study opportunities.
Short duration of programs.
Graduates eligibility to take the RN licensure exams
Popularity of ADN
Short duration to prepare nurses technicians.
Nurse technicians functions under supervision of professional nurses
Routine care in a good and long term settings
Intended for end-point Degree and not an incremental steps to BSN.
Mildred and Montag’s ADN program
First nursing Dean at the Yale University
Anne W. Goodrich
First trained nurse to graduate in the
Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards
Bellevue hospital,
the New England hospital for women and children, and
Massachusetts general hospital
The “famous trio” the first year long training schools for nurses establish and founded in the United States:
The first nursing professor at teachers College, Columbia university in history
Mary Adelaide Nutting
Granted the first educational degree in nursing
Teachers college
Report focusing on hospital control of the schools of nursing and lack of proper teacher preparation
The Gold Mark Report
Initiated the first PhD program in nursing
New York university
Was established to prepare nurse technicians base on Mill Ridge Montag’s model
The first ADN program
I started the first PhD program in clinical nursing
Pittsburgh University
Advocates the BS in degree is the minimum educational preparation for entry into nursing practice
ANA
Passed a resolution to create the DNP degree
AACN
Students attend no classes
External degree programs
It does not offer clinical experiences to those seeking a basic nursing education and as such they are encouraged to seek basic education that includes clinical instructions.
Excelsior College (formerly: NY regents external degree in nursing program)
In 1981 offered a state wide external BSN program
California State University Consortium
Diploma and ADN nurses are given credit to meet certain BSN requirements
Transfer of general education courses
Options for advanced placement programs for second-degree students
Accelerated or fast-track sequence towards a second bachelors degree or in some cases MSN
RN to BSN education
Intended to improve access for nurses from rural areas.
Online education provides flexibility.
Distance learning and issues of adequate in properly supervise clinical experience.
Fraudulent programs
Online and distance learning programs
Do you have the self-discipline needed to keep up with assignments outside traditional classroom settings?
Do you learn best when you can interact with other students and faculty, or do you do well working alone?
What to know before you commit on an online program
Voluntary review process of educational programs by a professional organization
Accreditation
Accreditation commission for education in nursing (ACEN)
Commission on Collegiate nursing education (CCNE)
Two accrediting agencies
National agency for accreditation of bachelors and graduate nursing education programs
Commission and Collegiate nursing education (CCNE)
Accredits LPN/LVN, diploma, and ADN programs.
It has a close relationship with national league for nursing
Accreditation commission for education in nursing (ACEN)
Were shortened and emphasize on clinical specialization.
Sought voluntarily accreditation for either ANEC or CCNE
Masters Degree
Is to prepare people with advanced nursing knowledge and clinical practice skills in a specialized area of practice.
The purpose of masters education
Credited with initiating graduate education in nursing
Teachers college, Columbia University.
Masters degree as a terminal degree
1950 to 1960s
A BSN degree from an accredited program.
Licensure as an RN,
Completion of the graduate record examination or other standard aptitude test,
A minimum undergraduate grade point average of 3.0,
Recent work experience as an RN in an area related to the desired area of specialization,
and specific goals for graduate study
Entry requirements for masters degree program
18 to 24 months full-time study
Duration of Master’s Eductaion
Administration, case management, informatics, health policy/healthcare systems, teacher education, clinical nurse specialist, NP, nurse-midwifery, nurse anesthesia, and other clinical and non-clinical areas of study
Masters education’s role preparation
Prepare nurses to become faculty members in universities, administrators in schools of nursing or large medical centers, researchers, tourists, and advanced practitioners.
Doctoral programs
Research-focused degree
Doctor of philosophy (PHD)
Practice-focused degree
Doctor of nursing practice (DNP)
The federal government initiated neuroscientist programs
1962
Neuroscientist programs were discontinued
1975
Refers to state regulations of the practice of nursing.
Is required of individuals at the entry point to practice And must be renewed periodically.
It is a legal designation That insures public safety by assessing basic and continuing competence.
Licensure
Goes beyond licensure by validating a high level of knowledge and proficiency in a particular brought this area.
Has professional but not legal status.
Certification
Means that a certificate is awarded by a certifying body as validations of specific qualifications demonstrated by an RN in a defined area of practice.
Require a comprehensive examination, Letters of reference, and other documents
Certification
Both forms of credentialing of nurses
Licensure and certification
RN licensure and requiring either bachelors or a masters degree
Requirements for admissions to certification program.
Lifelong learning
Is used to describe ways in which nurses maintain expertise during their professional careers
Continuing education
Is the measure of continuing education credit, 1 contact hour for every 50 or 60 minutes spent in a CE course
Contact hours
Is the mechanism through which regulatory agency insurance the nurses remain current in the profession
Mandatory continuing education
This statement promoted evidence-based education
Transforming nursing education by NLN position statement
Is a highly significant recent development in the training of nurses, physicians, social workers, pharmacist and other healthcare professionals in which students in this discipline take courses and have clinical experiences together
Interprofessional education (IPE)
Call a nursing programs to prepare graduate to use of electronic health records
Technology-Rich environment: An informatics agenda