Chapter 10 Flashcards
systematic way of thinking
Scientific method
standardized experimental designs with hypothesis, measurable variables and outcomes, and statistical analysis.
Quantitative research
refers to systematic distortion of a finding from data, often resulting from a problem with the sample
Bias
naturalistic inquiry or interpretivism
Qualitative research
relies on data collection techniques like narrative interviews and participant observation.
Qualitative research
ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory
other types of Qualitative research
combination of qualitative and quantitative
Mixed methods
summarizes and explains the universe without regard for whether the information is immediately useful – new knowledge
Purse Science
practical application of scientific theory and laws – also known as clinical science
Applied science
conduit between bench research and bedside research*
Translational research
takes the findings in the laboratories and develops them for use at the bedside.
It also takes the findings from clinical research done at the bedside to ask new questions and to direct new research at the bench level.
Translational research
the process begins with a particular experience and proceeds to generalizations
Inductive Reasoning
Inferences are made that lead to further research
Inductive Reasoning
a process in which conclusions are drawn by logical inference from given premises. It proceeds from the general case to the specific
Deductive reasoning
Valid rather than True
Deductive reasoning
- Health care settings are not comparable with laboratories.
- Human beings are far more than collections of parts that can be dissected and subjected to examination or experimentation.
- The claim for objectivity (freedom from bias)
Limitations of Scientific method (Using Quantitative Techniques)
- systematic investigation of phenomena related to improving patient care
- focuses on patients’ responses amenable to nursing care
Nursing research
- A conceptual framework exists or can be constructed from previous research. The problem fits logically and aligns with what is already known.
- Based on related research findings published in professional, peer-reviewed journals or is supported by similar ongoing research in other settings
- Carefully designed. The results will be applicable in similar situations or will generate hypotheses for further research and testing.
A problem may be amenable to being addressed by research if:
- To receive funding, nurses must do research that interests others, has demonstrated significance, and has support from reviewers.
- Research that is not based on or is not related to previous work may have inadvertent violations of human participants’ rights.
- Institutional review board (IRB) approval
Issues with Nursing Research
- Support basic, clinical, and translational research to build scientific foundation for clinical practice
- Prevent disease and disability
- Manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness
- Enhance palliative and end-of-life care
- Train the next generation of scientists
Purposes of
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
An approach to the delivery of healthcare that integrates the
best evidence from studies,
Patient care date with clinician expertise, and
Patient preferences
Evidence-Based Practice
EBP
is an element of critical thinking and a good means of improving clinical judgment.
EBP
helps prevent nursing practice from deteriorating into routine or traditional care.
EBP
Continuing education courses, professional conferences, journals, and membership in professional organizations
Ways to stay current and aware of new evidence:
is to learn how to seek out and critique research findings to implement best practices in one’s own nursing practice.
An important focus of professional nursing education
Population of interest, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Tme
PICOT framework
carry much weight in immediate change in practice
Well-executed randomized trials
may inform practice.
Descriptive or qualitative studies
must be rigorously planned, carefully implemented, and analyzed meticulously.
All nursing research
- Identification of a researchable problem
- Review of the literature
- Formulation of the research question or hypothesis
- Design of the study
- Implementation of the study
- Drawing conclusions based on findings
- Discussion and/or clinical implications
- Dissemination of findings
Steps in Research Process
How do you search for a current research?
Clinical situations
Literature
Theories
- Identification of a researchable problem
Classics and literature published within 5 years
Internet and disciplined, organized searches of established databases
- Review of the literature – covers all relevant research and supporting documents
Hypothesis
The researcher defines the variables.
- Formulation of the research question or hypothesis
– educated or informed speculation as to what the outcome will be
Hypothesis
Experimental design
Non-experimental design
True experimental design and human participants
- Design of the study
determines the effect of an intervention or compares the responses of participants to two or more differing treatments
Experimental design
descriptive or exploratory research like surveys, descriptive comparisons, evaluation studies, and historical documentary research, etc.
Non-experimental design
are designed to avoid unethical and inappropriate denial of care
Modified experimental design
Data collection
Data analysis
- Implementation of the study
Publish in professional journals
Present in conferences
- Dissemination of findings
– a review panel evaluates appropriateness and accuracy and recommends revision, publication, or rejection
Peer review process
summary of research
Abstract
develops solutions that can be used with confidence in different situations.
Research
- generates interest in further studies.
- enhances the status of nursing as a profession.
Nursing research
have made a difference in patient care.
Clinical Studies
affect the health care system.
Nursing research findings
- Improved care of patients with skin breakdown from pressure ulcers
- Decreasing light and noise in critical care units to prevent sleep deprivation
- Using caps on newborns to decrease heat loss and stabilize body temperature
- Positioning patients after chest surgery to facilitate respiration
- Scheduling pain medication more frequently after surgery
- Preoperative teaching to facilitate postoperative recovery
A few examples of changes in nursing practice stimulated by research include the following:
- National Institute of Nursing
Research (NINR)
- National Institutes of Health
(NIH)
- Nursing associations:
- American Nurses
Foundation (ANF)
- Sigma Theta Tau
International (STTI) - - Honor
Society of NursingFinancial Support for Nursing Research
Learning about research; doing honors projects or assisting in laboratories
Nursing student
Identifies problems that can be studied; may do data collection for research studies
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
Replicates earlier research; beginning independent research
Master of science in Nursing (MSN)
Connect research to practice. Do research in collaboration with PhD-prepared colleague
Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Generate and test theory; establishing independent research career with external funding (like NIH, foundation grants)
- Read, interpret, and evaluate research for use in supporting their evidence-based nursing practice
- Identify nursing problems that need to be investigated
- Participate in the implementation of scientific studies
- Help disseminate research-based knowledge by sharing useful research findings with colleagues
BSN-prepared nurse
- Ready to replicate studies that have been previously conducted
- Some nurses are better prepared to conduct research.
Master’s degree-prepared nurse
- More favorably positioned to receive research funding than are nurses without doctorates
- Only nurses with PhDs may receive funding from the NIH, although other funding sources are open to nurses with other doctoral degrees.
Doctor of philosophy or other doctoral decrees nurse
CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PubMed
Established Database for research
