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Bio 233 Exam 2 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does body movement occur?

A

At joints (Articulations).

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2
Q

What’s a Joint?

A

Where 2 bone connect.

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3
Q

The stronger the joint the ________ mobility.

A

less.

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4
Q

Which joints are most likely to get injured?

A

The ones that move the most.
Shoulder.
Hip.

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5
Q

Synarthrosis in joints means..

A

No movement.

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6
Q

Amphiarthrosis in joints means…

A

Little movement.

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7
Q

Diarthrosis in joints means..

A

More movement.

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8
Q

4 types of synarthrotic joints.

A

Suture.
Gomphosis.
Synchondrosis.
Synostosis.

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9
Q

3 features of a suture, and what type of joint is it?

A

Bones interlocked.
Bound by dense fibrous connective tissue.
Only found in skull.

Synarthrotic.

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10
Q

Gomphosis, one example, and what type of joint is it?

A

Fibrous connection plus insertion in alveolar process.

Binds teeth to sockets.

Synarthrotic.

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11
Q

Synchondrosis, one example, and what type of joint is it?

A

Rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones.

Epiphyseal cartilages.

Synarthrotic.

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12
Q

Example of synchondrosis?

A

Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones.

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13
Q

Example of synostosis?

A

Epiphyseal lines of long bones.

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14
Q

Synostosis, example, and what type of joint is it?

A

Conversion of other articular form to a solid mass of bone.

Portions of skull, epiphyseal lines.

Synarthrotic.

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15
Q

Amphiarthrosis?

A

More moveable than synarthrosis.

Stronger than freely movable joint.

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16
Q

Syndesmosis, example, and what type of joint is it?

A

Ligamentous connection.

Between tibia and fibula.

Amphiarthrotic.

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17
Q

Symphysis, example, and what type of joint is it?

A

Connection by a fibrocartilage pad.

Between right and left pubic bones of pelvis, between adjacent vertebral bodies along vertebral column.

Amphiarthrotic.

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18
Q

Diarthrosis?

A

Free movement joint.

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19
Q

Diarthritic/Synovial joint?

Where?
Within?
Lined with?

A

Moveable joint.
At ends of long bones.
Within articular capsules.
Lined with synovial membrane.

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20
Q

Ligaments prevent ________ of joints.

A

excess movement.

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21
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendon.

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22
Q

Where do bursae sacs exist?

A

Where there is a lot of friction and tendons.

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23
Q

What do bursae sacs do?

A

decreases rubbing, friction, and irritation.

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24
Q

Function of articular cartilages?

A

Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules and prevent bones from touching.

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25
Q

Smooth surfaces are lubricated by __________.

A

Synovial Fluid.

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26
Q

Functions of synovial fluid?

A

Lubrication.
Nutrient distribution.
Shock absorption.

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27
Q

Accessory structures of synovial joints.

A 
Cartilages. 
Fat pads. 
Ligaments. 
Tendons. 
Bursae.
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28
Q

Flexion?

A

Bending joint.

Decreasing angle.

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29
Q

Extension?

A

Straightening joint.

Increasing angle.

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30
Q

Hyperextension?

A

Moving joint past range of motion.

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31
Q

Abduction?

A

Moving body part away from midline of body.

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32
Q

Adduction?

A

Moving body part toward midline of body.

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33
Q

Abduction of fingers?

A

Spreading fingers.

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34
Q

Adduction of fingers?

A

Putting fingers back together.

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35
Q

Pronation?

A

Opposite of anatomical.

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36
Q

Supination?

A

In Anatomical.

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37
Q

Inversion?

A

Big toe inward.

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38
Q

Eversion?

A

Big toe outward.

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39
Q

Dorsiflexion?

A

Ankle Flexion.

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40
Q

Plantarflexion?

A

Ankle Extension.

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41
Q

Opposition?

A

Thumb movement toward fingers or palm.

42
Q

Protraction?

A

Pushing head out.

43
Q

Retraction?

A

Pulling head in.

44
Q

Elevation?

A

Closing jaw/mouth.

45
Q

Depression?

A

Opening jaw/mouth.

46
Q

Lateral Flexion?

A

Bends vertebral column from side to side.

47
Q

What type of joint is a synovial joint?

A

Diarthrosis. Most moveable.

48
Q

Types of Synovial joints?

A 
Gliding. 
Hinge. 
Pivot. 
Ellipsoidal. 
Saddle. 
Ball-and-socket.
49
Q

Of the synovial joints, this joint moves the least.

A

Gliding joints.

50
Q

Examples of Gliding joints.

A

Acormioclavicular.
Intercarpal and intertarsal.
Vertebrocostal.
Sacroiliac.

51
Q

Gliding joints have what type of surfaces?

A

Flattened or slightly curved.

52
Q

All synovial joints are encapsulated in a ________.

A

Synovial membrane.

53
Q

Nonaxial synovial joints.

A

Gliding joints.

54
Q

Monoaxial synovial joint.

A

Hinge joints.

Pivot joints.

55
Q

Examples of hinge joints.

A

Elbow.
Knee.
Ankle.
Interphalangeal.

56
Q

Joint characterized by angular motion in a single plane.

A

Hinge joint.

57
Q

Joint that operates like door hinge.

A

Hinge Joint.

58
Q

Synovial joints that only rotate?

A

Pivot joints.

59
Q

Examples of pivot joint?

A

Atlas/axis.
Proximal radioulnar joint.
C1 pivot on dens of C2 spine.

60
Q

Types of biaxial joints?

A

Ellipsoidal.

Saddle.

61
Q

Examples of Ellipsoidal joints?

A

Wrist.
Radiocarpal.
Metacarpophalangeal.
Metatarsophalangeal.

62
Q

Describe Ellipsoidal joint.

A

Oval articular face within a depression.

63
Q

Describe Saddle joint.

A

2 concave faces, straddled.

64
Q

Saddle joint example.

A

metacarpal.

65
Q

types of triaxial joints?

A

Ball-and-socket joint.

66
Q

Describe ball and socket joint.

A

Round articular face in a depression.

67
Q

Examples of ball and socket joint.

A

Shoulder.

Hip.

68
Q

A joint can’t be both ______ and ______.

A

Mobile.

Strong.

69
Q

Mobile joints supported by _______ and _______.

A

Muscles.

Ligaments.

70
Q

Where do C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate?

intervertebral articulations

A

At inferior and superior articular processes. (gliding joints).

Between adjacent vertebral bodies (Sympyseal joints).

71
Q

Intervertebral disc structure? ( 2 parts)

A

Anulus fibrosus.

Nucleus Pulposus.

72
Q

2 characteristics of Anulus fibrosus.

A

Tough outer layer.

Attaches disc to vertebrae.

73
Q

2 characteristics of Nucleus pulosus.

A

Elastic, gelatinous core.

Absorbs shocks.

74
Q

2 ways you can damage the intervertebral discs.

A

Bulging discs.

Herniated discs.

75
Q

Bulging discs? (2 characteristics)

A

bulge in anulus fibrosus.

Invades vertebral canal.

76
Q

Herniated disc? (2 characteristics)

A

Nucleus pulosus breaks through anulus fibrosus.

Presses on spinal cord or nerves.

77
Q

Most injured joint in body?

A

Glenohumeral joint (Shoulder joint).

78
Q

Joint that allows more motion than any other joint?

A

Shoudler (glenohumeral)

79
Q

Least stable joint?

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral)

80
Q

3 big muscle groups?

A

Rotator cuff.
Hamstrings.
Quadriceps.

81
Q

Muscles of the quadriceps?

A

Rectus Femoris.
Vastus Medialis.
Vastus Lateralis.
Vastus Intermedius.

82
Q

Muscles of the hamstring?

A

Biceps Femoris.
Semitendinosus.
Semimembranosus.

83
Q

Muscles of the rotator cuff (Shoulder muscles)?

A

Supraspinatus.
Infraspinatus.
Subscapularis.
Teres Minor.

84
Q

A stable hinge joint with articulations between humerus, radius, and ulna?

A

Elbow joint.

85
Q

Radial collateral ligament stabilizes ______ aspect of elbow.

A

Lateral.

86
Q

Ulnar collateral ligament stabilizes ______ aspect of elbow.

A

Medial.

87
Q

Largest articulation of elbow.

A

Humeroulnar joint.

88
Q

The junction between the trochlea notch of the ulna and the trochlea of humerus.

A

Humeroulnar joint.

89
Q

What type of joint is humeroulnar joint?

A

A simple hinge joint.

90
Q

where’s humeroradial joint located?

A

Between capitulum of humerus and head of radius.

91
Q

2 characteristics of Hip (coxal) Joint.

A

Strong ball and socket diarthrosis.

Wide range of motion.

92
Q

Structures of the hip joint?

A

Head of femur fits into it.

Socket of acetabulum which is extended by fibrocartilage acetabular labrum.

93
Q

2 characteristics of the Knee joint?

A

Complicated hinge joint.

Transfers weight from femur to tibia.

94
Q

Knee joint articulations.

A

2 at medial and lateral condyles.

one between patella and patellar surface of femur.

95
Q

4 characteristics of medial and lateral mensci?

A

Fibrocartilage pads.
At femur-tibia articulations.
Cushion and stabilize joint.
give lateral support.

96
Q

Rheumatism?

A

A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular system.

97
Q

Arthritis?

A

All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints.

98
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A

Wear and tear of joint surfaces, trauma or genetic factors affecting collagen formation.

99
Q

What age do you generally see osteoarthritis?

A

Generally in people over age 60.

100
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammatory condition caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease.

101
Q

What’s it called when immune system incorrectly attacks synovial joints?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis.

102
Q

Gouty arthritis? What’s this due to?

A

Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) form within synovial fluid.

Metabolic disorders.

Bio 233 Exam 2 (9 decks)

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