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Bio 233 Exam 2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal system includes what 4 things?

A

Bones.
Cartilages.
Ligaments.
Connective Tissue.

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2
Q

Six Functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Support. 
Storage of Minerals (calcium). 
Storage of Lipids (yellow marrow). 
Blood cell production (red marrow). 
Protection. 
Leverage (force of motion).
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3
Q

Where’s calcium stored in the body?

A

The Skeletal System.

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4
Q

3 properties that bones are identified by?

A

Shape.
Internal Tissues.
Bone Markings.

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5
Q

5 types of bone shapes.

A 
Long Bones. 
Flat Bones. 
Irregular Bones. 
Short Bones. 
Sesamoid Bones.
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6
Q

4 types of long bones?

A

Humerus.
Femur.
Tibula.
Fibia.

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7
Q

Where do Sesamoid Bones develop?

A

Inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet.

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8
Q

These bones are small and flat.

A

Sesamoid bones.

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9
Q

This part of the long bones connects the epiphysis to the disphysis. Generally the neck of the long bone.

A

Metaphysis.

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10
Q

Epiphysis is what part of the long bone?

A

The wide part at the end.

Articulation with other bones.

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11
Q

Diaphysis is what part of the long bone?

A

The shaft of the long bone.

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12
Q

Bone is 2/3 ___________ and 1/3 __________(collagen).

A

Calcium Phosphate.

Protein Fibers.

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13
Q

What percent of bone mass does bone make up?

A

2%

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14
Q

Three types of bone cells.

A

Osteocytes.
Osteoblasts.
Osteoclasts.

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15
Q

2 main functions of Osteocytes.

A

Provide nutrients to living bone.

Help repair damaged bone.

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16
Q

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

A

Osteocytes.

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17
Q

Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds. What’s this process called?

A

Osteoblasts.

Osteogenesis.

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18
Q

Osteoid,

A

Matrix produced by osteoblasts but not yet calcified to form bone.

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19
Q

Osteoblasts surrounded by bone become _______.

A

Osteocytes are what they become.

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20
Q

Giant, multinucleate cells that dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals.

A

Osteoclasts.

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21
Q

Osteolysis.

A

Dissolve bone matrix. Stored minerals (calcium) are released as a result.

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22
Q

Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes.

A

Osteoclasts.

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23
Q

Two bones cells involved in bone building.

A

Osteocytes and osteoblasts.

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24
Q

Bone cell(s) involved in bone building.

A

Osteocytes and Osteoblasts.

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25
Q

Bone cell(s) involved in bone recycling.

A

Osteoclasts.

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26
Q

What can help osteocytes build bone?

A

Weight barring exercise.

R: (What can this help do for bone?)

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27
Q

Compact bone is defined by _______.

A

Osteons.

R: (Define what type of bone?)

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28
Q

What wraps Osteons?

A

Circumferential lamellae.

R: (What do these wrap)

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29
Q

Which bone makes up a larger percentage of the skeleton?

A

Compact bone.

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30
Q

The basic unit of mature compact bone.

A

Osteon.

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31
Q

Osteocytes are arranged in ___________.

A

Concentric lamellae.

R: What arranges in these?

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32
Q

Blood vessels run through the __________ surrounded by concentric lamellae.

A

Central canal.

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33
Q

What runs through the central canal?

A

Blood vessels.

R: Run through what in compact bone?

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34
Q

Spongy bone does not have _______.

A

Osteons.

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35
Q

The matrix in spongy bone forms a bundle of fibers called _______.

A

Trabeculae.

36
Q

Which bone is found in areas that are not heavily stressed?

A

Spongy bone.

37
Q

Found in spongy bone, doesn’t contain blood vessels.

A

Trabeculae.

38
Q

Present in the space between trabeculae. Forms red blood cells, and supplies nutrient to osteocytes.

A

Red bone marrow.

R: Where? what do they do?

39
Q

In some bones, spongy bone holds _______, which stores fat.

A

Yellow Marrow.

R: Where? What do they do?

40
Q

Two coverings of bone include ________ on the outside, and _______ on the inside.

A

Periosteum.
Endosteum.

R: What are these? Where are they?

41
Q

What do both periosteum and endosteum do?

A

Heal damaged bone.

R: Two types of bone coverings that do this.

42
Q

Periosteum has a _____ outer layer and a _______ inner layer.

A

Fibrous.

Cellular.

43
Q

Three effects the periosteum provides.

A

Isolates bone from surrounding tissue.
Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves.
Takes part in bone growth and repair.

44
Q

An incomplete cellular layer of bone covering.

A

Endosteum.

45
Q

Four properties and effects of the endosteum.

A

Lines the marrow cavity.
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone.
Lines central canals.
Active in bone growth and repair.

46
Q

Three cells present in endosteum.

A

Osteoblasts.
Osteoprogenitor.
Osteoclasts.

47
Q

Osteogenesis?

A

Bone Formation.

48
Q

Ossification?

A

The Process of replacing other tissues with bone.

49
Q

What age do you human bones grow till?

A

age 25.

50
Q

If deposition is greater than removal, bones get _____.

A

Stronger.

51
Q

If removal is faster than replacement, bones get _______.

A

Weaker.

52
Q

Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to _____.

A

Stress

53
Q

How much bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity?

A

Up to 1/3 of bone mass.

54
Q

Two important minerals for bone.

A

Calcium and Phosphate salts.

55
Q

4 Vitamins important for bone.

A

Vitamin C.
Vitamin A.
Vitamin K.
Vitamin B12.

56
Q

Vitamin C role in bone.

A

Required for collagen synthesis, and stimulates osteoblast differentiation.

57
Q

Vitamin A role in bone.

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity.

58
Q

Vitamin K and B12 role in bone.

A

Helps synthesize bone proteins.

59
Q

What two hormones stimulate bone growth?

A

Growth Hormone .

Thyroxine.

60
Q

What two hormones stimulate osteoblasts?

A

Estrogen.

Androgen.

61
Q

What two hormones regulate calcium and phosphate levels?

A

Calcitonin.

Parathyroid Hormone.

62
Q

The most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium.

63
Q

Bones store _______ and other _______

A

Calcium.

minerals.

64
Q

Calcium ions are vital to what three things?

A

Membranes.
Neurons.
Muscles cells (especially heart cells) .

65
Q

Two hormones that maintain calcium level homeostasis.

A

Calcitonin.

Parathyroid Hormone.

66
Q

Where is Calcium Absorbed?

A

The Digestive Tract.

67
Q

Where is calcium excreted?

A

The Kidneys.

68
Q

Where is Parathyroid Hormone produced?

A

The Parathyroid Glands.

69
Q

What’s the function of the Parathyroid Hormone?

A

To increase Blood Calcium Ion levels.

70
Q

What hormone is released when the body has low blood calcium ion levels?

A

Parathyroid Hormone.

71
Q

How does PTH increase calcium ion levels?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts.
Increases intestinal absorption of calcium.
Decreases calcium excretion at kidneys.

72
Q

What’s the “opposite” of PTH?

A

Calcitonin .

73
Q

Calcitonin function?

A

Decrease blood calcium ion levels.

74
Q

What secretes Calcitonin?

A

C cells (Parafollicular cells) in thyroid.

75
Q

How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium ion levels?

A

inhibiting osteoclast activity.

increasing calcium excretion at kidneys.

76
Q

Difference between a “Sign” and a “Symptom”

A

A sign is objective.

A symptom is subjective.

77
Q

Primary way to obtain calcium ions?

A

Diet.

78
Q

______ and phosphate ions in blood are lost in urine.

A

Calcium.

79
Q

What happens if calcium ions are not obtained from diet?

A

Weakens bones, causing Osteoporosis.

80
Q

Two things that keep bones strong.

A

Exercise and nutrition.

81
Q

With regard to bones, what begins between ages 30 and 40?

A

Osteopenia.

82
Q

What’s Osteopenia?

A

A precursor to osteoporosis. When bone density is lower than normal.

83
Q

Women lose __% of bone mass per decade, men ___%.

A

8.

3.

84
Q

What’s osteoporosis? Over age 45, occurs in what percent of women and men?

A

Severe bone loss.
29% women.
18% men.

85
Q

What two hormones help maintain bone mass?

A

Estrogens and Androgens.

86
Q

Bone loss in women accelerates after __________.

A

Menopause.

87
Q

Cancerous tissue can stimulate osteoclast activation, causing……

A

Severe osteoporosis.

Bio 233 Exam 2 (9 decks)

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