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Bio 233 Exam 2 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parallel muscles when ______ causes muscle to bulge.

A

Contracts.

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2
Q

4 patterns of fascicle organization?

A

Parallel.
Convergent.
Pennate.
Circular.

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3
Q

Parallel muscles define.

one example.

A

fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle.

biceps brachii.

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4
Q

Muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation.

A

Convergent muscles.

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5
Q

example of convergent muscle.

A

Pectoralis major.

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6
Q

Define convergent muscle.

A

Broad area converges on attachment site ( tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe).

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7
Q

Three types of pennate muscles.

A

Unipennate.
bipennate.
Multipennate.

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8
Q

Unipennate muscles.

example.

A

fibers on one side of tendon.

Extensor digitorum.

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9
Q

Bipennate muscles.

example.

A

fibers on both sides of tendon.

Rectus femoris.

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10
Q

Multipennate muscles, example.

A

tendon branches within muscle.

Deltoid.

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11
Q

Circular muscles are also called….

A

Sphincters.

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12
Q

Function of sphincter (circular muscles).

Example.

A

Open and close to guard entrances of body.

Obicularis Oris.

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13
Q

Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton and produce ______.

A

motion.

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14
Q

Types of muscle ______ affects power, range, and speed of muscle movement.

A

attachment.

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15
Q

Mechanically, each bone is a ______.

A

Lever.

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16
Q

Mechanically, each joint is a _______.

A

fulcrum (a fixed point).

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17
Q

Muscles provide _________, required to overcome resistance.

A

Applied Force.

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18
Q

3 functions of a lever to change:

A

direction of an applied force.
distance and speed of movement produced by an applied force.
effective strength of an applied force.

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19
Q

What does each class of levers depend on for identification?

A

The relationship between applied force, fulcrum, and resistance.

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20
Q

3 classes of levers?

A

first.
second.
third.

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21
Q

Seesaw is an example of which lever?

A

First class.

22
Q

Describe first class lever.

A

Center fulcrum between applied force and resistance.

23
Q

In a first class lever, what are balanced?

A

Force and resistance.

24
Q

Wheelbarrow is an example of which lever?

A

Second class.

25
Q

Describe second class levers.

A

Center resistance between applied force and fulcrum.

26
Q

A small force moves large weight describes which lever?

A

Second class.

27
Q

Most common levers in the body.

A

Third class.

28
Q

Describe third class levers.

A

Center applied force between resistance and fulcrum.

29
Q

Greater force moves smaller resistance describes which levers?

A

Third class.

30
Q

Which lever maximizes speed and distance travelled?

A

Third class.

31
Q

An agonist does what?

A

Produces a particular movement.

32
Q

An antagonist does what?

A

Oppose movement of a particular agonist.

33
Q

A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist

A

synergist.

34
Q

Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator)

A

Synergist.

35
Q

Agonist and antagonists work in ______

A

pairs.

36
Q

When an agonist or antagonist contracts, the other ______.

A

stretches.

37
Q

Two divisions of muscular system.

A

Axial muscles.

Appendicular muscles.

38
Q

3 characteristics of axial muscles.

A

Position head and spinal column.
Move rib cage.
60% of skeletal muscles.

39
Q

Which muscular system is back, torso, head, and face.

A

Axial.

40
Q

3 characteristics of appendicular muscles?

A

Support pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Support limbs.
40% of skeletal muscles.

41
Q

Which muscular system makes up the extremities?

A

Appendicular.

42
Q

6 muscle groups of the head and neck.

A 
Muscles of facial expression. 
Extrinsic eye muscles. 
Muscles of mastication .
Muscles of tongue.
Muscles of Pharynx.
Anterior muscles of the neck.
43
Q

Muscle group that move the mandible?

A

Muscles of mastication.

44
Q

Muscle group with names that end in glossus.

A

Muscles of tongue.

45
Q

Muscle group that begins swallowing process.

A

Muscles of the pharynx.

46
Q

Muscle group that originates on skull.

A

Muscles of facial expression.

47
Q

Muscle group that originates on surface of orbit.

A

Extrinsic eye muscles.

48
Q

Muscle group that controls position of larynx, depresses mandible, and supports tongue and pharynx.

A

Anterior muscles of the neck.

49
Q

3 muscles of mastication.

A

Masseter.
Temporalis.
Pterygoid.

50
Q

The strongest jaw muscle.

A

Masseter.

51
Q

Helps lift the mandible.

A

Temporalis.

52
Q

Position mandible for chewing, focused on alignment, deep to the masseter.

A

Pterygoid.

Bio 233 Exam 2 (9 decks)

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