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Bio 233 Exam 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Three types of muscle tissue.

A

Skeletal.
Cardiac.
Smooth.

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2
Q

5 functions of skeletal muscles.

A 
Produce skeletal movement. 
Maintain body position. 
Support soft tissues. 
Guard body openings. 
Maintain body temperature.
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3
Q

Three layers of connective tissue on muscles.

A

Epimysium.
Perimysium.
Endomysium.

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4
Q

Most superficial of the three layers of connective tissue on muscles.

A

Epimysium.

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5
Q

Three characteristics of Epimysium.

A

Exterior collagen layer.
Connected to deep fascia.
Separates muscle from surrounding tissues.

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6
Q

What surrounds a muscle fascicle (fiber bundles)?

A

Perimysium.

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7
Q

What connective tissue is deep to the epimysium and superficial to the endomysium?

A

Perimysium.

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8
Q

Bundles individual muscle cells/fibers.

A

Endomysium.

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9
Q

What’s a muscle fascicle?

A

A bundle of muscle cells/fibers.

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10
Q

Contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles.

A

Perimysium.

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11
Q

What does Endomysium surround?

A

Individual muscle cells/fibers.

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12
Q

Endomysium contains _______ and _________ contacting muscle cells/fibers.

A

Capillaries.

Nerve Fibers.

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13
Q

Which connective tissue contains satellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage?

A

Endomysium.

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14
Q

Where do epi, peri, and endo mysium come together?

Give example.

A

At ends of muscles to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix.
i.e., tendon or aponeurosis.

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15
Q

What are skeletal muscles controlled by?

A

Nerves of the central nervous system.

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16
Q

The only kind of voluntary muscle?

A

Skeletal.

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17
Q

Muscle vascular system do what three things?

A

Supply large amounts of oxygen.
Supply nutrients.
Carry away wastes.

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18
Q

A muscle is made up of multiple ____________.

A

Muscle fascicles.

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19
Q

One muscle fascicle made of how many muscle fiber/cells?

A

8.

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20
Q

Each muscle fiber/cell is made of multiple _________.

A

Myofibrils.

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21
Q

Myofibrils consist of _________.

A

Sarcomeres.

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22
Q

Connective tissue come together to form _________

A

Tendons.

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23
Q

Contractile unit of muscle cell?

A

Sarcomere.

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24
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle cell.

A

The Sarcolemma.

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25
Q

Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle fiber/cell)

A

Sarcolemma.

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26
Q

What begins contractions in the sarcolemma?

A

Change in the transmembrane potential.

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27
Q

Allows smooth contraction of muscles.

A

Transverse tubules.

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28
Q

Nerve meets ________ to trigger muscle cell sarcoplasm.

A

Sarcolemma.

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29
Q

Made up of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments)

A

Myofibrils.

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30
Q

What are responsible for muscle contractions?

A

Myofilaments.

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31
Q

Two types of myofilaments, and what they’re made of.

A

Thin, Protein actin.

Thick, protein myosin.

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32
Q

A membrous structure surround each myofibril?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.

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33
Q

Function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Helps transmit action potential to myofibril.

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34
Q

The contractile units of muscle?

A

Sarcomeres

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35
Q

What make up myofirbrils?

A

Sarcomeres.

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36
Q

_________ form visible patterns within myofibrils.

A

Sarcomeres.

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37
Q

A striped or striated pattern within myofibrils?

A

Muscle Striations.

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38
Q

Two types of Muscle striations.

A

Thick filaments (A bands) .

Thin filaments (I bands).

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39
Q

Skeletal muscle, what surrounds and what does it contain?

A

Epimysium.

Muscle Fascicles.

40
Q

Muscle Fascicle, what’s it surrounded by and what does it contain?

A

Perimysium.

Muscle fibers.

41
Q

Muscle Fiber, What’s it surrounded by and what does it contain?

A

Endomysium.

Myofibrils.

42
Q

Myofibril, what’s it surrounded by and what does it contain?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Sarcomeres (Z line to Z line)

43
Q

Action Potential (electric signal) travels along nerve axon and ends where?

A

Synaptic terminal.

44
Q

Muscle _______ is active and requires energy.

A

Contraction.

45
Q

Muscle _______ is passive and doesn’t require energy.

A

Relaxation.

46
Q

Two ways we can contract our muscles?

A

Isotonic.

Isometric.

47
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers shorten as ____ filaments slide between _____ filaments.

A

Thin.

Thick.

48
Q

What triggers muscle contraction ?

A

Free Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm.

49
Q

Sarcoplasm releases Ca2+ when what happens?

A

When a motor neuron stimulates the muscle fiber.

50
Q 
Concentric contraction (muscle shortens) happen if....
Is this isotonic or isometric?
A

muscle tension > resistance.

Isotonic.

51
Q 
Eccentric contraction (muscle lengthens) happens if....
Is this isotonic or isometric?
A

muscle tension< resistance.

Isotonic.

52
Q

What happens in an isotonic contraction?

A

Skeletal muscle develops tension and changes length, resulting in motion.

53
Q

What happens in an isometric contraction?

A

Skeletal muscle develops tension but doesn’t change length.

54
Q

3 ways a muscle returns to resting length.

A

elastic forces.
opposing muscle contractions.
gravity.

55
Q

What’s an elastic force, and what does it do?

A

The pull of elastic elements (tendons and ligaments).

Expands the sarcomeres to resting length.

56
Q

What does it mean to oppose muscle contraction? What does it?

A

Reverse the direction of the original motion.

Pairs of muscles opposing each other.

57
Q

Muscle contraction requires _____.

A

ATP.

58
Q

Muscles store enough _____ to start contraction.

A

energy.

59
Q

As muscles continue to contract, muscle fibers must manufacture more ______ as needed.

A

ATP.

60
Q

What’s ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, the active energy molecule.

61
Q

What’s CP?

A

Creatine phosphate, the storage molecule for excess ATP energy in resting muscle.

62
Q

2 ways a cell produces ATP.

A

Aerobic metabolism.

Anaerobic glycolysis,

63
Q

What happens in aerobic metabolism?

A

Fatty acids > Glucose (1 molecule) > 34 ATP molecules.

64
Q

What happens in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Fatty acids > Glucose (1 molecule) > 2 ATP molecules.

65
Q

The primary energy source of resting muscles?

A

Aerobic Metabolism.

66
Q

The primary energy source for peak muscular activity?

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis.

67
Q

At peak exertion, pyruvic acid builds up, is converted to ________.

A

lactic acid.

68
Q

When muscles can no longer perform a required activity, they are _______.

A

fatigued.

69
Q

4 results of muscle fatigue?

A

Depletion of metabolic reserves.
Damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Low pH (lactic acid).
Muscle exhaustion and pain.

70
Q

The time required after exertion for muscles to return to normal.

A

The recovery period.

71
Q

2 things that happen during recovery period?

A

Oxygen becomes available.

Mitochondrial activity resumes.

72
Q

The removal and recycling of lactic acid by the liver?

A

The Cori Cycle.

73
Q

Liver converts lactic acid to _______.

A

Pyruvic acid.

74
Q

During the Cori cycle, ______ is released to recharge muscle glycogen reserves.

A

Glucose.

75
Q

What happens during oxygen debt after exercise.

A

The body needs more oxygen than usual to normalize metabolic activities, resulting in heavy breathing.

76
Q

Active muscles produce ____.

A

heat.

77
Q

Up to 70% of __________ can be lost as heat, raising body temperature.

A

muscle energy.

78
Q

Define muscle power.

A

The maximum amount of tension produced.

79
Q

Define muscle endurance.

A

The amount of time an activity can be sustained.

80
Q

What do muscle power and endurance depend on?

A

The types of muscle fibers.

Physical conditioning.

81
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Fast fibers.
Slow fibers.
Intermediate fibers.

82
Q

3 characteristics of fast fiber muscles…

A

Contract very quickly.
Have strong contractions.
Fatigue quickly.

83
Q

Which muscle fibers have large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria.

A

Fast fibers.

84
Q

3 characteristics of slow fiber muscles.

A

Slow to contract.
Slow to fatigue.
High oxygen supply.

85
Q

Which muscle fiber have small diameter, more mitochondria and contain myoglobin?

A

Slow fibers.

86
Q

Muscle fibers that are mid sized, have low myoglobin, more capillaries.

A

Intermediate fibers.

87
Q

White muscle is made mostly of which fibers?

A

Fast fibers (e.g. chicken breast)

88
Q

Red muscle is made mostly of which fibers?

A

Slow fibers (e.g. chicken legs)

89
Q

What muscle hypertrophy?

A

Muscle growth from heavy training.

90
Q

3 effects of muscle hypertrophy.

A

Increases diameter of muscle fibers.
Increases number of myofibrils.
Increases mitochondria, glycogen reserves.

91
Q

3 things muscle atrophy reduces.

A

muscle size.
tone.
power.

92
Q

What fibers does anaerobic endurance use?

A

Fast fibers.

93
Q

How is anaerobic endurance improved?

A

Frequent, brief, intensive workouts.

Hypertrophy.

94
Q

Aerobic endurance is improved by?

A

repetitive training.

cardio training.

95
Q

What happens with prolonged in activity to muscles?

A

Fibrous tissue may replace muscle fibers.

Bio 233 Exam 2 (9 decks)

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