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Investigating Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is identity different to personality?

A

Personality is stable and measurable.

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2
Q

What is identity?

A

Our theory about ourselves.

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3
Q

Where does identity come from?

A

How we think, feel and talk about ourselves and how others do.

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4
Q

What does the concept of identity link together?

A

Personal and social identities.

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5
Q

In what context are social identities and personal identities linked together?

A

A specific social context with specific cultural and historical resources that can be used to construct identity.

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6
Q

Are identities what you e what or what you do?

A

What you do and what is done to you. Constructed in interaction with other people/socially.

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7
Q

To what stent are identities static and fixed.

A

Not at all. They are fluid and variable.

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8
Q

What is the difference between identity and the way in which natural science views personality?

A

Personality is static and fixed.

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9
Q

Because social interactions vary…

A

…identity varies.

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10
Q

How does one achieve a stable, coherent identity?

A

If perception of self is the same as the way you are seen by your social context.

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11
Q

Identities of groups of people, which are taken for granted, are controlled by who?

A

Those in power.

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12
Q

What happens when one has problems with one’s own social activity (less smooth and coordinated)?

A

It threatens sense of identity, its cohesion

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13
Q

What is the relationship of identity to context?

A

Identity changes in a different context.

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14
Q

Who says identity is ‘noisy, dialogical, distributed’ and formed in relation to others?

A

Social constructionists.

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15
Q

What is the basis of the shift from thing about identity as stable and thinking about it as unstable?

A

Discourse

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16
Q

Discourse analysts think about the …….of language.

A

Functions

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17
Q

To what extent does identity exist outside discourse?

A

It doesn’t.

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18
Q

In what three ways do discourse psychologists look at language?

A

Construction, variation, function

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19
Q

What can we say about ‘reality’?

A

That there are different versions of it.

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20
Q

What do discursive psychologists think about construction?

A

How are different versions of reality constructed and why?

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21
Q

What is the emphasis on variation?

A

Dps look at how different versions of reality are constructed.

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22
Q

What are the two different levels of analysis?

A

The micro and the macro

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23
Q

What does the micro approach focus on?

A

The details of the account and how it is constructed (not on wider issues such as gender and class unless directly relevant/referred to).

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24
Q

What is a feature/predicate?

A

Something which is being said when a category (e.g. Single mothers) is being used.

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25
Q

What is identity work?

A

The process of constructing identity through discourse.

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26
Q

Can categories have only one or multiple predicates?

A

Multiple

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27
Q

A category and a predicate go together…….

A

…in the context of a specific interaction.

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28
Q

What does it mean to say that a category does moral work?

A

Possible to use a category to invoke what is right and wrong. E.g. Single mother is against the moral order. Married is heteronormative and superior.

29
Q

Who influenced the macro approach?

A

Foucault

30
Q

What is the focus on in the macro approach?

A

How narratives of knowledge/dominant discourses change over time and across cultures and settings. E.g mental illness.

31
Q

What is the blended/synthetic discursive approach?

A

Micro and macro together. Aka critical discursive psychology.

32
Q

What does critical discursive psychology aim to do?

A

See how discourses available in culture influence interactions.

33
Q

What does critical discursive psychology aim to do with respect to identity?

A

See how and what kind of identities are made.

34
Q

What are repertoires/interpretative repertoires?

A

The variety of different constructions for something.

35
Q

What is a ‘recognizable, recurrently used, internally coherent way of talking or writing about a phenomenon’?

A

An interpretative repertoire.

36
Q

Why is it interesting when there is more than one repertoire in use?

A

Because can then compare and contrast and see functions.

37
Q

What bridges the divide between the macro and the micro?

A

Interpretative repertoires

38
Q

What are interpretative repertoires also known as?

A

Discourses or representations.

39
Q

What is a benefit of studying the macro with the micro rather than the macro alone?

A

Studying the macro alone would suggest that people are determined by the interpretative repertoires available whereas studying them together allows for flexibility. Use resources when needed for different functions/identities.

40
Q

A person’s different repertoires often do what?

A

Contradict each other.

41
Q

What are subject positions?

A

The use of interpretative repertoires to create certain identities.

42
Q

What can be done with subject positions?

A

Position self, someone else or resist positioning.

43
Q

In spite of culture only providing a limited number of subject positions, people are very what?

A

Active at choosing them in different situations.

44
Q

When people take subject positions, what are they ultimately trying to do?

A

Blame others, see self as good.

45
Q

One study looked at how breastfeeding and bottle feeding women were constructed where?

A

On a parenting website.

46
Q

In the breastfeeding study what were the subject positions available?

A

Breastfeeding is natural and best and good mother. Bottle feeders need to justify and defend themselves (e.g. As the responsible decision because would have to give up life otherwise).

47
Q

Categories are…

A

Cultural constructs which are used to create meaning.

48
Q

To what extent are medical categories neutral, objective and factual?

A

Not at all. They are formed discursively and change over time.

49
Q

Are medical labels flexible or fixed?

A

Flexible

50
Q

Are changing classifications for children’s mental health due to new discoveries?

A

Not necessarily. Often due to changes in cultural and historical understanding.

51
Q

Changing sociocultural practices can influence what?

A

Medical categories.

52
Q

How is there scepticism towards ADHD?

A

Its existence, how to define it and how to treat it.

53
Q

Are there one or different versions of ADHD?

A

Different versions.

54
Q

How nature/nurture axis relate to understandings of ADHD?

A

It is understood as being biological (therefore explaining naughty behavior)or the result of bad parenting.

55
Q

Discursive psychology attempts to do what with regards to versions of ADHD?

A

Understand what these versions are doing and why (their functions).

56
Q

One study (Horton-Salway)of ADHD looked at what and the media?

A

How parents and children are constructed.

57
Q

Alison Davies used focus groups and interviews to understand what?

A

How parents construct ADHD, own identities and children’s. What are the discourses and how are they used?

58
Q

What are the three considerations of a discursive approach to identity?

A

Formulating identity is doing something, variable, related to power.

59
Q

What should a researcher bracket out?

A

Own background and preconceptions. Need to focus on the data.

60
Q

In the Davies research, in what two ways did parents talk about ADHD?

A

That it is biological and that they understand that other people mig think it was to do with bad parenting.

61
Q

What were the two repertoires Horton-Salway discovered in newspaper articles?

A

Biological repertoire, psychosocial repertoire

62
Q

What do different repertoires provide children and parents?

A

Identities

63
Q

How might a repertoire be seen as ‘ robust’?

A

If it is repeated

64
Q

If you construct ADHD as not real, what does is imply?

A

Naughty child and bad parent.

65
Q

What does using the biological repertoire achieve?

A

Makes it real, internal and not parent or child’s fault.

66
Q

What is the function of discourse?

A

To persuade (defend, blame, say something is true or false, attribute causes/reasons).

67
Q

People’s constructions often…

A

…contradict each other. Different contexts lead to different constructions with different functions.

68
Q

What is an ideological dilemma?

A

Discourse and repertoires often contradict each other.

69
Q

What is an ideological dilemma with ADHD?

A

Bad parent for using medication as an excuse for managing bad behavior versus bad parent for not getting the child diagnosed.

Investigating Psychology (9 decks)

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