Chapter 3 Flashcards
How easy is it to get control in real world studies?
Not easy
What is the basis of Loftus and Palmer’s misinformation effect?
Misleading information alters accuracy of original memory.
What did Chandler et al. test in reaction to Loftus’ claim that the original memory was lost when misinformed occurs?
That the misinformation effect occurs when tested immediately but not after a delay. The misinformation effect does not, therefore, permanently alter the original memory.
What three things does misleading information need to be?
Believable, consistent and with no warning.
Is it possible to reverse the misinformation effect?
Yes, suggesting the original memory is accessible.
What is the difference between a
Loftus experiment and a DRM experiment?
Loftus the information is explicitly provided and DRM the information is implicitly provided.
What is a typical DRM experiment?
A list of semantically-related words is presented and participants think they remember the critical lure (which wasn’t presented). E.g bed (in a list of duvet, mattress etc.)
Why have have relationships on the DRM and real world memories been investigated?
Because DRM lacks ecological validity.
What were the results of investigations into DRM susceptibility and real world memories?
Those that have reported recovered, repressed childhood memories are more likely remember falsely on DRM tasks.
What did Zhu et al. discover about the correlation between false memory on DRM paradigms and misinformation effect in the real world?
No correlation so not one underlying mechanism.
If a lab is not a typical lab, what does this mean for ecological validity?
Not much because it is still artificial.
What is the ORE?
The other race effect. Less good at recognizing faces from other races.
What was Anzures et al’s lab experiment on the ORE?
94 white children shown a picture of either a white person or an Asian person and then shown two pictures and have to decide which is the same as before. Results were similar for groups.
From the Anzures et al experiment, how can we know that results are not because Chinese faces are more difficult to recognize?
Test Chinese children on white faces and the same results.
How does Anzures experiment lack ecological validity?
Artificial setting, stimuli, task, time span.
Explicit versus implicit memory (told to remember versus not told). Different consequences in real life (more important in real life).
What, for Gibson, would be a key element missing from Anzures’ study? How would it be an example of indirect perception?
Movement, not a real face but a photograph of a face.
Why are we better at distinguishing different examples of faces than, for example, fruit?
We don’t need to distinguish different examples of fruit.
What is a key question we can ask about objects versus faces? What has evidence shown?
Are they qualitatively different (i.e. processed by different parts of the brain) or quantitatively different (just better at faces). Evidence has shown that it may be qualitatively different.
What does agnosia mean?
No knowledge.
What is prosopagnosia?
Face blindness, the inability to recognize faces but ok for objects.
What is an alternative interpretation idea that there are two modules, one for face processing and one for objects?
That there is a module which processes fine detail (which would include faces).
People are better at processing faces than objects except when what?
When the faces are upside down (upside down objects don’t have this effect).
