Chapter 9

Question 1

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

Answer 1

• quarternary protein

Question 2

What 2 man things much haemoglobin be able to do?

Answer 2

• readily associate with oxygen at the gas exchange surface

- readily disassociate with oxygen at the cells that need it

Question 3

What does it mean if haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen?

Answer 3

• it easily associates with oxygen

- it does not readily disassociate with it

Question 4

What does it mean if haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen?

Answer 4

• it doesn’t easily associate with oxygen

- it easily disassociates

Question 5

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 5

• organism lives in an environment with low oxygen concentration it has a high affinity and the graph shifts to LEFT
• organism lives in environment with high oxygen concentration it has a low affinity and graph shifts to RIGHT

Question 6

What direct does the artery take blood?

Answer 6

away from the heart

Question 7

What direction does the vein take blood?

Answer 7

towards the heart

Question 8

What is the function of the hepatic artery?

Answer 8

takes oxygenated blood to the liver

Question 9

What is the function of the hepatic vein?

Answer 9

takes deoxygenated blood to the heart from the liver

Question 10

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 10

takes blood from the intestines to the liver

Question 11

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 11

takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 12

What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

Answer 12

takes oxygenated blood to heart from lungs`

Question 13

How does the structure of the arteries relate to its function?

Answer 13

• thick with muscle and elastic tissues to maintain high pressure

Question 14

How does the structure of the veins relate to its function?

Answer 14

• wide lumen for lots of blood

- valves to stop back-flow of blood

Question 15

How is the structure of arterioles related to its function?

Answer 15

• arteries branch off to arterioles

- muscles to direct blood flow to different areas and contract/relax to control blood flow

Question 16

How does the structure of the capillaries relate to its function?

Answer 16

• thin = short diffusion distance
• gas exchange surface
• high concentration gradient
• large number = large surface area
  networks of capillaries called capillary beds

Question 17

What is the equation for stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output?

Answer 17

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Question 18

What is the first step in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 18

• atria contract = decreases volume - increases pressure
• AV valve opens
• blood moves into ventricles = increases pressure and volume in ventricles

Question 19

What is the second step in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 19

• ventricles contract = decreasing volume - increases pressure
• forces AV valves shut
• pressure in ventricles = higher than in pulmonary artery and aorta
• SL valves open

Question 20

What is the third step in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 20

• higher pressure in aorta and pulmonary artery closes SL valves
• blood returns to atria because higher pressure in vena cava and pulmonary vein
• higher pressure in atria forces AV valves open blood flows into ventricles
• atria contract and cycle starts again

Question 21

How is tissues fluid formed?

Answer 21

• capillaries near arterioles hydrostatic pressure = higher than tissue fluid - pressure forces fluid out of capillaries into space around cells
• hydrostatic pressure in capillaries falls at venule end
• fluid loss = high concentration plasma proteins = lower water potential at venule end than tissue fluid
• water re-enters capillaries (osmosis) excess drained into lymphatic system

Question 22

What is the structure of the heart?

Answer 22

LEFT SIDE 
- aorta
- pulmonary vein
- left ventrical 
- left atria 
- left AV valve 
- left SL valve
RIGHT SIDE
- pulmonary artery
- vena cava
- right atria
- right ventricles
- right AV valve
- right SL valve