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Biology year 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a molecule that generates an immune response

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2
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  • phagocytes circulate body
  • comes into contact with foreign antigen starts pahgocytosis
  • attaches to foreign cell and cytoplasm engulfs it in phagocytic vacuole
  • lysosome attaches and releases lysozymes which digest foreign cell
  • phagocyte then presents antigen of foreign cell to stimulate immune response
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3
Q

What immune response is

  • humoral
  • cell mediated?
A
  • humoral = b cells

- cell mediated = t cells

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4
Q

What is the role of t-helper cells?

A
  • stimulate phagocytes to carry out phagocytosis
  • stimulate the production of t-killer cells
  • stimulate b cells to divide
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5
Q

What is the role of t-killer cells?

A

produce a protein that punctures an infected cell then secretes toxins and enzymes that kill the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of b cells?

A
  • covered in antibodies - each b cell = different antibodies
  • produce memory cells
  • produces plasma cells
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7
Q

What is the role of memory cells?

A

to remember the shape of the antigen needed to join onto a specific antibody - stay in circulation

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8
Q

What is the role of plasma cells?

A

b cell that rapidly produces lots of antibodies need for a particular antigen - monoclonal antibodies

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9
Q

What is an antibody?

A

protein produced as an immune response that binds to antigens to form an antibody-antigen complex

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10
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A
  • y shape
  • antigen binding site t the top
  • receptor binding site at the bottom
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11
Q

What is a primary immune response?

A
  • antigen enters body for the first time - not recognise so slow
  • production of t/b cells
  • plasma and memory cells produced
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12
Q

What is a secondary immune response?

A
  • antigen re-enters body - recognised
  • quick immune response
  • plasma cells produce lots of antibodies
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13
Q

What is active natural immunity?

A

becoming immune by catching disease and fighting it off naturally

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14
Q

What is active artificial immunity?

A

becoming immune through vaccination of dead or inactive antigens

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15
Q

What is passive natural immunity?

A

immunity gained as a baby due to antibodies received from mother through breast milk and placenta

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16
Q

What is passive artificial immunity?

A

immunity gained through introduction of someone else’s antibodies

17
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

when enough people are vaccinated the spread of disease is reduced so those not vaccinated are still less likely to catch it

18
Q

What are some ethical issues surrounding vaccinations?

A
  • religious arguments
  • cost
  • testing
  • side effects
  • not working
19
Q

What is the structure of HIV?

A
  • surrounded by envelope
  • attachment proteins sticking out
  • capsid surrounds genetic material
  • reverse transcriptase attached to genetic material
20
Q

How does HIV cause symptoms of AIDS?

A
  • people with HIV are considered to have AIDS when symptoms of their failing immune systems show
  • destroys all t cells so body not protected against anything
21
Q

Why are antibiotics ineffective against HIV?

A

invades host cell meaning it has no enzymes or ribosomes to interfere with

22
Q

What does HIV use to stay in the body?

A
  • invades t-helper cells
  • t-helper = produce t-killer, phagocyes and b cells
  • without t-helper no immune response
23
Q

How does the ELISA test work?

A
  • HIV antigen bound to well late
  • blood plasma added - if HIV antibodies present they will bind to HIV antigen
  • well washed to remove unbound antibodies
  • second antibody added with enzyme attached - binds to HIV
  • well washed then solution added with substrate that binds to enzyme on antibody
  • colour = HIV
24
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies help medication target specific cell types and give an example.

A
  • it is possible to bind specific drugs to monoclonal antibodies which enable them to target specific cells
  • anti-cancer drug attached to the monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumor markers on cancer cells

Biology year 1 (13 decks)

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