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Biology year 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 3 examples of monomers.

A
  • monosaccharides
  • amino acids
  • nucleotides
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2
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides.

A
  • galactose
  • glucose
  • fructose
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3
Q

What are the bonds formed in:

  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids?
A
  • carbohydrates = glycosidic
  • proteins = peptide, hydrogen, ionic and disulphide
  • lipids = ester
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4
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate, what is the reaction that joins them and what is the bond?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • condensation reaction
  • glycosidic bond
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5
Q

How is sucrose made?

A

Disaccharide formed by the condensation between fructose and glucose

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5
Q

How is lactose made?

A

Disaccharide formed by the condensation reaction between galactose and glucose.

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6
Q

How is maltose made?

A

Disaccharide formed by the condensation reaction between two alpha glucose molecules.

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7
Q

What are the 2 isomers of glucose?

A
  • alpha glucose (h at top oh on bottom)

- beta glucose (oh on top and h on bottom)

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8
Q

How are glycogen and starch formed?

A

Condensation of alpha glucose.

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9
Q

How is cellulose formed?

A

Condensation of beta glucose

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10
Q

What are the properties of starch that are suited to its function?

A
  • long alpha glucose chains

- easily hydrolysed as source of fuel for respiration

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11
Q

What are the properties of glycogen that are suited for its function?

A
  • short branched chains easily compacted

- easily hydrolysed and readily accessible

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12
Q

What are the properties of cellulose suited for its function?

A
  • long straight chains
  • cross links between chains
  • strong bonds between molecules
  • strong for cell wall
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13
Q

How would you carry out a Benedict’s test for both reducing and non-reducing sugars?

A

Reducing =

  • add Benedict’s solution
  • heat in water bath
  • red/orange precipitate=reducing sugar present

Non-reducing =

  • add hydrochloric acid
  • heat in water bath
  • add sodium hydrogencarbonate
  • carry out Benedict’s test
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14
Q

How would u carry out an iodine test?

A
  • add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution to sample
  • blue/black colour change = starch present
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15
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acids

16
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A
  • carbon in middle
  • hydrogen
  • amine group (H2N)
  • carboxyl group (COOH)
  • R group ( side chain can change to 1/20 variations)
17
Q

What bond is formed in protein?

A

Condensation reaction between amino acids forms peptide bonds.

18
Q

What are the 4 structures of a protein?

A

Primary = polypeptide chain

Secondary = basic polypeptide in alpha helix shape held by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary = 3D lump with hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds

Quaternary = more than 1 tertiary together

19
Q

What are the two groups of lipid?

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids

20
Q

How would you carry out a biuret test?

A
  • add sodium hydroxide
  • add copper sulfate solution
  • mauve precipitate = protein present
21
Q

What is the structure of a tryglyceride?

A

formed by the condensation reaction between 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid

22
Q

What is the name of the bond between the glycerol and fatty acid molecule?

A

ester bond

23
Q

What part of the fatty acid can be saturated or unsaturated?

A

the R-group

24
Q

What the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A 
Saturated = no double bonds btween carbons
Unsaturated = 1 or more double bonds between carbons
25
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

Condensation reaction between 1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

26
Q

What are the properties of the phosphate?

A

Hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail
seen in phospholipid biliayer

27
Q

How would you carry out and emulsion test?

A

Add ethanol then water to the substance and if white emulsion forms = lipid present

Biology year 1 (13 decks)

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