Chapter 1 Flashcards
Give 3 examples of monomers.
- monosaccharides
- amino acids
- nucleotides
Give 3 examples of monosaccharides.
- galactose
- glucose
- fructose
What are the bonds formed in:
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids?
- carbohydrates = glycosidic
- proteins = peptide, hydrogen, ionic and disulphide
- lipids = ester
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate, what is the reaction that joins them and what is the bond?
- monosaccharides
- condensation reaction
- glycosidic bond
How is sucrose made?
Disaccharide formed by the condensation between fructose and glucose
How is lactose made?
Disaccharide formed by the condensation reaction between galactose and glucose.
How is maltose made?
Disaccharide formed by the condensation reaction between two alpha glucose molecules.
What are the 2 isomers of glucose?
- alpha glucose (h at top oh on bottom)
- beta glucose (oh on top and h on bottom)
How are glycogen and starch formed?
Condensation of alpha glucose.
How is cellulose formed?
Condensation of beta glucose
What are the properties of starch that are suited to its function?
- long alpha glucose chains
- easily hydrolysed as source of fuel for respiration
What are the properties of glycogen that are suited for its function?
- short branched chains easily compacted
- easily hydrolysed and readily accessible
What are the properties of cellulose suited for its function?
- long straight chains
- cross links between chains
- strong bonds between molecules
- strong for cell wall
How would you carry out a Benedict’s test for both reducing and non-reducing sugars?
Reducing =
- add Benedict’s solution
- heat in water bath
- red/orange precipitate=reducing sugar present
Non-reducing =
- add hydrochloric acid
- heat in water bath
- add sodium hydrogencarbonate
- carry out Benedict’s test
How would u carry out an iodine test?
- add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution to sample
- blue/black colour change = starch present
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino acids
What is the structure of an amino acid?
- carbon in middle
- hydrogen
- amine group (H2N)
- carboxyl group (COOH)
- R group ( side chain can change to 1/20 variations)
What bond is formed in protein?
Condensation reaction between amino acids forms peptide bonds.
What are the 4 structures of a protein?
Primary = polypeptide chain
Secondary = basic polypeptide in alpha helix shape held by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary = 3D lump with hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds
Quaternary = more than 1 tertiary together
What are the two groups of lipid?
Triglycerides and phospholipids
How would you carry out a biuret test?
- add sodium hydroxide
- add copper sulfate solution
- mauve precipitate = protein present
What is the structure of a tryglyceride?
formed by the condensation reaction between 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid
What is the name of the bond between the glycerol and fatty acid molecule?
ester bond
What part of the fatty acid can be saturated or unsaturated?
the R-group
