Chapter 9

Question 1

Sensory Receptors

Answer 1

specialized cells that convert sensory energy into neural activity

Question 2

Sensory Receptors, Vision

Answer 2

light energy is converted into chemical energy in the photo-receptors of the retina, and the chemical energy is in turn converted into action potentials

Question 3

Sensory Receptors, Auditory

Answer 3

Air-pressure waves are converted first into mechanical energy, which activates the auditory receptors that produce action potentials

Question 4

Sensory Receptors, somatosensory system

Answer 4

mechanical energy activates receptor cells that are sensitive to touch, pressure, or pain. Somatosensory receptors in turn generate action potentials

Question 5

Sensory Receptors, Taste and olfaction

Answer 5

various chemical molecules carried by the air or contained in food fit themselves into receptors of various shapes to activate action potentials

Question 6

sensation

Answer 6

registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs

Question 7

perception

Answer 7

subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain

Question 8

discriminating wavelengths allows us to see

Answer 8

colors

Question 9

retina

Answer 9

light sensitive surface at the back of the eye consisting of neurons and photoreceptor cells

Question 10

photo-receptor

Answer 10

specialized type of retinal cell that transduces light into neural activity

Question 11

sclera

Answer 11

white of the eye

Question 12

cornea

Answer 12

the eyes clear outer covering

Question 13

iris

Answer 13

colored part that opens and closes to allow more or less light through the pupil

Question 14

fovea

Answer 14

region of sharpest vision and has the densest distribution of photo-receptors specialized for color

Question 15

optic disc

Answer 15

blind spot, where blood vessels enter the eye and the axons that form the optic nerve leave the eye, no receptors

Question 16

optic nerve

Answer 16

conveys information from the eye to the brain

Question 17

electromagnetic energy visible to humans

Answer 17

varies in wavelength from about 400 to 700 nm. shortest deep purple longest red

Question 18

rods

Answer 18

more of them, functioning at lower light levels

Question 19

cones

Answer 19

specialized for color and high visual activity

Question 20

fovea has only

Answer 20

cones

Question 21

more rods or cones

Answer 21

rods

Question 22

3 types of cones

Answer 22

short medium and long

Question 23

most commons cones

Answer 23

medium and long

Question 24

left side of the brain

Answer 24

language

Question 25

right side of the brain

Answer 25

music

Question 26

Magnocellular cells

Answer 26

M cells, large celled visual-system neuron that is sensitive to moving stimuli, gets info primarily from rods

Question 27

Parvocellular cells

Answer 27

P cell, small-celled visual system neuron that is sensitive to form and color differences, gets info primarily from cones

Question 28

optic chiasm

Answer 28

junction of the optic nerves, one from each eye, at which the acons from the nasal halves of the retinas cross to the opposite side of the brain

Question 29

Geniculostriate system

Answer 29

One of the three routes to the visual brain, goes from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and then to layer IV of the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. Bridges the thalamus and the striate cortex

Question 30

Tectopulvinar System

Answer 30

formed by the axons of the remaining M ganglion cells. These cells send their axons to the midbrains superior colliculus, which sends connections to the pulvinar region of the thalamus.

Question 31

Retinohypothalamis tract

Answer 31

photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, pRGC, form this tract. Synapses in the tiny suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, then to the optic chiasm. Plays a role in visual awareness

Question 32

If two adjacent retinal ganglion cells synapse on a single LGN cell,

Answer 32

the receptive field of that LGN cell will be the sum of the two ganglion cells receptive cells’ receptive fields

Question 33

are ganglion cells of LGN cells have bigger receptor fields

Answer 33

LGN

Question 34

The receptive fields of many __________ combine to form the receptive field of one ______

Answer 34

retinal ganglion cells, LGN cell

LGN cells, V1 cell

Question 35

why are sensory systems organized topographically?

Answer 35

creating topographical maps based on neuronal receptive fields is an effective way for the brain to code object location

Question 36

corpus callosum

Answer 36

binds the two sides of the brain together at the midline

Question 37

receptive fields are largest in the

Answer 37

occipital lobe

retinal ganglian cells –> LGN –> occipital lobe

Question 38

neurons in the ____ are selective for the different characteristics of shape

Answer 38

ventral stream

Question 39

cells in the ___ are responsive to different shapes

Answer 39

inferior temporal cortex

Question 40

v1

Answer 40

the primary visual cortex

Question 41

damage to the visual areas on one side of the brain results in visual disturbances in

Answer 41

both eyes

Question 42

visual streams perform two different functions

Answer 42

1) object recognition (the what)

2) visual action (the how)

Question 43

object recognition

Answer 43

ventral stream

Question 44

visual action

Answer 44

dorsal stream