Chapter 10

Question 1

sound wave

Answer 1

undulating displacement of molecules caused by changing pressure

Question 2

does a tree that falls in the forest make a sound if no one is there to hear it?

Answer 2

no, makes sound waves but no sound

Question 3

frequency

Answer 3

number of cycles a wave completes in a given amount of time

Question 4

humans hearing range

Answer 4

20-20,000 hertz

Question 5

language and music differ from other auditory sensations

Answer 5

convey meaning and evoke emotion

Question 6

Sound wave energy, the physical stimulus for the auditory system, is produced by changes in ____, a form of mechanical energy that is converted into neural activity in the ear

Answer 6

air-pressure waves

Question 7

sound waves have three physical attributes

Answer 7

frequency, amplitude, and complexity

Question 8

sound is processed in the ___

Answer 8

temporal

Question 9

pathway taken by sound energy to and through the brain

Answer 9

The ear collects sound waves from the surrounding air and converts their mechanical energy into electrochemical neural energy that begins a long route through the brainstem to the auditory cortex

Question 10

outer ear

Answer 10

Pinna

External Auditory Meatus

Question 11

middle ear

Answer 11

The ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and the tympanic membrane

Question 12

inner ear

Answer 12

cochlea, hair cell, basilar membrane, auditory nerve

Question 13

ossicles

Answer 13

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 14

when sound waves vibrate in the eardrum, the vibrations are transmitted to

Answer 14

the ossicles

Question 15

____ ultimately transform sound waves into neural activity

Answer 15

hair cells

Question 16

through connections with axons in the ____, the outer hair cells send a message to the _______ and receive a message back that causes the cells to alter tension on the ______

Answer 16

auditory nerve, brainstem auditory nerve, tectorial membrane

Question 17

how does movement of the cilia alter neural activity?

Answer 17

The neurons of the auditory nerve have a spontaneous baseline rate of firing action potentials, and this rate is changed by how much neurotransmitter the hair cells release

Question 18

bipolar cells in the ear receive input from _____

Answer 18

a single inner hair cell receptor

Question 19

The cochlear-nerve axons enter the brainstem at the level of the ____ and synapse in the _____

Answer 19

medulla, cochlear nucleus

Question 20

Wernicke’s area

Answer 20

secondary auditory cortex lying behind heschl’s gyrus at the rear of the left temporal lobe that regulates language comprehension, also called posterior speech zone

Question 21

lateralization

Answer 21

process wherby functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain

Question 22

tonotopic representation

Answer 22

property of audition in which sound waves are processed in a systematic fashion from lower to higher frequencies

Question 23

pitch corresponds to

Answer 23

frequency

Question 24

amplitude corresponds to

Answer 24

perception of loudness

Question 25

complexity corresponds to

Answer 25

tone

Question 26

you can understand where sound is coming from because

Answer 26

auditory information crosses in the brain many times

Question 27

bipolar nerurons in the cochlea form ____ maps that code sound waves

Answer 27

tonotopic

Question 28

loudness is decoded by the firing rate of cells in the

Answer 28

cochlea

Question 29

detecting the location of a sound is a function of neurons in the ___ and _____ of the brainstem

Answer 29

superior olive, trapezoid body

Question 30

the function of the dorsal auditory pathway can be described as

Answer 30

action for audition

Question 31

explain how your brain detects sounds location

Answer 31

1) neurons in the brainstem (hindbrain) compute the time difference in a sound waves arrival at each ear. 2) other neurons in the brain stem compute the difference in sound amplitude (loudness) in each ear

Question 32

incoming sound-wave energy vibrates the eardrum, which in turn vibrates the ______

Answer 32

ossicles

Question 33

the auditory receptors, known as __, are found in the _______

Answer 33

hair cells, cochlea

Question 34

the motion of the cochlear fluid causes displacement of the ____ and _______ membranes

Answer 34

basilar, tectorial

Question 35

the axons of bipolar cells from the cochlea form the _____ nerve, which is part of the ______ cranial nerve

Answer 35

auditory/cochlear, auditory vestibular

Question 36

the auditory nerve originating in the cohclea goes to carious nuclei in the brainstem and then projects to the _____ in the midbrain and the ______ in the thalamus

Answer 36

inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus

Question 37

broca’s area

Answer 37

anterior speech area in the left hemisphere that functions with the motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking

Question 38

aphasia

Answer 38

inability to speak or comprehend language despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms

Question 39

the human auditory system has complementary specialization for the perception of sounds: left for _____ and right for ____

Answer 39

language, music

Question 40

the three frontal regions that play a role in production language are

Answer 40

broca’s area, supplementary speech area, face area of motor cortex

Question 41

______ area identifies speech syllables and words and stores their representation in that location

Answer 41

wernicke’s

Question 42

____ area matches speech sounds to the motor programs necessary to articulate them

Answer 42

broca’s

Question 43

at one end of the spectrum for musical ability are people with ____ and at the other are people who are _____

Answer 43

perfect pitch, tone deaf

Question 44

what evidence supports the idea that language is innate?

Answer 44

the universality of language, the natural acquisition of language by children, and the presence of syntax in all languages

Question 45

volley principle

Answer 45

when sounds are less than 100 hz theyre are no hair cells tuned to hear, so there is an encoded in the firing rate of the neuron. For example, at 40 hz fire 40/ second. FOr low frequency, how intensity id encoded

Question 46

place theory

Answer 46

states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.