Chapter 11

Question 1

pre frontal cortex

Answer 1

planning movement, plans complex behavior such as deciding to get up at a certain time to be to work on time.

Question 2

pre motor cortex

Answer 2

recruits movement, produces the appropriate complex movement sequences. If this is damaged the sequences cannot take place (monkey cannot push food through hole and catch it because there is no coordination between the two hands)

Question 3

primary motor cortex

Answer 3

specifies how each movement should be carried out

Question 4

helps refine and make movement smooth

Answer 4

brainstem/cerebellum

Question 5

topographical organization in spinal cord and cerebellum

Answer 5

central in spinal cord controls the central area of the body, move to the outer part of the spinal cord & it controls extremities

Question 6

somatosensory information contributes to ______ in the spinal cord

Answer 6

motor reflexes

Question 7

somatosensory information contributes to ______ in the brainstem

Answer 7

movement timing and control

Question 8

somatosensory information contributes to ______ in the cerebrum

Answer 8

complex voluntary movements

Question 9

cerebrum contributes to out ______ control of movement

Answer 9

conscious

Question 10

brainstem and spinal cord perform out _________ movements

Answer 10

automatic

Question 11

What are the effects of brainstem stimulation under different conditions with a chicken?

Answer 11

Stimulation of some brainstem sites produces behavior that depends on context, suggesting that an important function of the brainstem is to produce appropriate species-typical behavior

Question 12

The motor system is organized as _______

Answer 12

hierarchy

Question 13

The ____ cortex plans movement

Answer 13

pre frontal

Question 14

The _____ cortex organizes movement sequences to carry out a plan

Answer 14

pre motor

Question 15

The ____ cortex executes the precise movements

Answer 15

primary motor

Question 16

The ____ is responsible for species typical movements, for survival-related actions and for posture and walking

Answer 16

brainstem

Question 17

In addition to serving as a pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, the ____ independently produces reflexive movements

Answer 17

spinal cord

Question 18

explain what happens when the brain is disconnected from the spinal cord and why?

Answer 18

lower level functions in the motor hierarchy can continue in the absence of higher level ones, but the higher levels provide voluntary control over movements. Movement can no longer be controlled at will

Question 19

monkey motor cortex

Answer 19

is organized in terms of functional movement categories. The motor cortex maps appear to represent basic “types” of movement that learning and practice can modify. A dictionary of movements that is not large.

Question 20

The ____ organization of the motor cortex is represented by a _____, in which parts of the body that are capable of the most skilled movements (especially the mouth, fingers, and thumbs) are regulated by _____ cortical regions

Answer 20

topographic, homunculus, larger

Question 21

Change can take place in the cortical _____ aid in recovery of function after injury to the motor cortex

Answer 21

motor map

Question 22

Instructions regarding movement travel out from the motor cortex through the _____ tracts to terminate on interneurons that project to motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

Answer 22

corticospinal,

Question 23

Many corticospinal-tract fibers cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord to form the ______ tracts; some stay on the same side to form the ____

Answer 23

lateral corticospinal, ventral corticospinal

Question 24

The ventral corticospinal tracts carry instructions for ______ movements, whereas the lateral corticospinal tracts carry instructions from _____ and ____ movements

Answer 24

trunk, arm, finger

Question 25

The acons of motor neurons in the spinal cord carry instructions to ___ that are arranged in pairs. One ____ a limb while the other ______ the limb

Answer 25

Muscles, flexes, extends

Question 26

The ______ contribute to motor control by adjusting the _____ associated with each movement

Answer 26

basil ganglia, force

Question 27

Damage to the basil ganglia results either in unwanted involuntary ____ movements (too much being exerted) or in such _____ rigidity that movements are difficult to perform (too little force being exerted)

Answer 27

hyperkinetic, hypokinetic

Question 28

The cerebellum contributes to motor control by improving movement ______ and the learning of motor ____

Answer 28

accuracy, skills

Question 29

Describe how the cerebellum improves motor-skill accuracy

Answer 29

the cerebellum compares an intended movement with the actual movement, calculates any necessary corrections, and informs the cortex to correct the movement

Question 30

nocioception

Answer 30

pain, temperature, itch. Adaption: slow

Question 31

hapsis

Answer 31

fine touch and pressure. Adaptation: rapid and slow

Question 32

proprioception

Answer 32

body awareness. Adaptation: rapid

Question 33

body senses contribute to the perception of _____ (touch and pressure), _____(location and movement) and ____(temperature, itch, and pain)

Answer 33

hapsis, propriocention, nonioception

Question 34

Haptic-proprioceptive information is carried into the CNS by the ____ spinothalamic tract; Nocioceptive information is carried in by the _____ spinothalamic tract

Answer 34

dorsal spinothalamic, ventral spinothalamix

Question 35

The two tracts interact in the spinal cord to regulate pain perception via a _____

Answer 35

pain gate

Question 36

In the midbrain, the ________ effectively suppresses pain by activating neuromodulatory circuits that inhibit pain pathways

Answer 36

periaqueductal gray matter or PAG

Question 37

The only localized somatosensory system is _____ system, which helps us to maintain _____ by signaling ingormation about the head’s position and out movement through space

Answer 37

vestibular system, balance

Question 38

explain how proprioception acts as the “eyes of the body”

Answer 38

without proprioception, sensory information about body location and movement is lost and can only be regained using vision

Question 39

The ____ cortex, arranged as a series of homunculi, feeds information to the ____ cortex which is responsible for somatosensory perception

Answer 39

Primary somatosensory, secondary somatosensory

Question 40

Damage to the secondary somatosensory cortex produces ____, an inability to complete a series of movements

Answer 40

apraxia

Question 41

The somatosensory cortex provides info to the ____ stream to produce unconscious movements and also provides information to the ____ stream for conscious recognition of movements

Answer 41

dorsal, ventral

Question 42

explain what phantom-limb pain tells us about the brain

Answer 42

pain perception does not depend simply on pain sensations but is a creation in the brain

Question 43

gate theory of pain

Answer 43

activities in different sensory pathways play off each other and so determine whether and how much pain is perceived as a result of an injury