Chapter 9

Question 1

Extinction involves omitting the:

Answer 1

US or reinforcer

Question 2

_____ is a decline in responding that may occur bc of the passage of time

Answer 2

forgetting

Question 3

true or false: forgetting does not require the removal of the CS or instrumental response

Answer 3

true

Question 4

the emotional reaction induced by withdrawal of an expected reinforcer

Answer 4

frustration

Question 5

spontaneous recovery (in extinction):

Answer 5

reappearance of an extinguished response caused by the passage of time

Question 6

a recovery of conditioned responding when the contextual cues present during extinction change

Answer 6

renewal

Question 7

_____ trials produce a more enduring extinction effect.

Answer 7

Spaced

Question 8

The longer the trials are spaced out during extinction,

Answer 8

the less subject you are to spontaneous recovery and renewal.

Question 9

what is reinstatement?

Answer 9

recovery of conditioned behavior that occurs when the individual encounters a US again

Question 10

_______ is the reappearance of an extinguished target response when another reinforced response is extinguished.

Answer 10

resurgence

Question 11

what is consolidation?

Answer 11

establishment of a memory in relatively permanent form so that it’s available for retrieval a long time after acquisition

Question 12

why is the overtraining extinction effect paradoxical?

Answer 12

the more instrumental training that has been provided, the faster the rate of extinction afterward.

Question 13

what are the three paradoxical reward effects?

Answer 13

1. overtraining extinction effect
2. magnitude reinforcement extinction effect
3. partial-reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)

Question 14

this phenomenon refers to the fact that the larger the reinforcer used in training, the faster the rate of extinction afterward

Answer 14

magnitude reinforcement extinction effect

Question 15

PREE assumes that extinction is much slower and involves fewer frustration reactions if ________ was in effect before the introduction of extinction.

Answer 15

partial reinforcement

Question 16

according to the discrimination hypothesis, why is extinction slower after ~partial~ reinforcement?

Answer 16

the onset of extinction is more difficult to detect after partial reinforcement

Question 17

What did Jenkins and Theios find about partial reinforcement?

Answer 17

it is not from greater difficulty detecting onset of extinction, but a learned persistence.

Question 18

the _______ is based on what individuals learn about frustration during partial reinforcement training.

Answer 18

frustration theory

Question 19

the ______ is based on what is learned about the memory of non-reward.

Answer 19

sequential theory

Question 20

what is behavioral momentum?

Answer 20

susceptibility of responding to disruption by manipulations (behavior w/a lot of momentum will be hard to extinguish)

Question 21

What is extinction in Pavlovian conditioning?

Answer 21

a decrease in conditional responding when the CS is presented without the US

Question 22

What is extinction in instrumental conditioning?

Answer 22

a decrease in responding when reinforcement is not given

Question 23

what are the three steps of extinction?

Answer 23

1. extinction burst
2. subject shows frustration
3. variability of responding increases

*then rate of responding decreases

Question 24

how would you test renewal?

Answer 24

• train in Context A
• extinguish in Context B
• test in Context A

Question 25

what does renewal imply about certain treatments?

Answer 25

extinction treatment provided in a therapist’s office may not generalize to other contexts

Question 26

how effect does compounding extinction stimuli have on extinction?

Answer 26

you get stronger extinction when you extinguish stimuli together than when you do them as separate elements

Question 27

In extinction, nonreinforcement establishes a/n ______ S-R association.

Answer 27

inhibitory

Question 28

according to the frustration theory of the PRR, frustration comes to serve as a _______ associated with the instrumental response itself.

Answer 28

stimulus cue