Chapter 8 Flashcards
A relation in which the significance of one stimulus or event depends on the status of another stimulus.
conditional relation
________ occurs when an organism responds differently to two or more stimuli.
stimulus discrimination
________ occurs when an organism responds in a similar fashion to two or more stimuli.
stimulus generalization
what is a stimulus generalization gradient?
a gradient of how similar each test stimulus is to the original training stimulus
What does a steep generalization gradient indicate?
strong control of behavior by the stimulus dimension that is tested
competition among stimuli for access to the processes of learning
overshadowing
the ________ assumes that participants respond to a compound stimulus in terms of the stimulus elements that make up the compound
stimulus-element approach
the _______ assumes that organisms treat a compound stimulus as an integral whole that is not divided into parts or elements
configural-cue approach
stimulus discrimination training can be conducted using ______ conditioning procedures.
classical or instrumental
a ~stimulus discrimination procedure~ establishes:
control by the stimuli that signal when reinforcement is and is not available
once the S+ and S- have gained control over the individual’s behavior, they are called:
discriminative stimuli
an instrumental conditioning procedure in which responding is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and not reinforced in the presence of another cue is a special case of a:
multiple schedule of reinforcement
in a ______ procedure, whenever each of the two stimuli occur individually, they are not reinforced (A- and B-). However, reinforcement occurs whenever the two stimuli are presented simultaneously (AB+).
positive patterning
to accurately predict reinforcement with a positive patterning procedure:
the participant cannot respond to individual cues but has to identify when the two cues are present at the same time
in a ______ procedure, reinforcement is available when the cues are presented individually (C+ and D+) but not when they appear simultaneously (CD-).
negative patterning
a training procedure in which the S+ and S- differ only in terms of the value of one stimulus feature
intradimensional discrimination
what is the peak-shift effect?
the peak rate of responding shifts away from the S+ in the opposite direction from the S-
A ________ procedure trains the subject to treat different stimuli as similar.
stimulus equivalence
“If I am outside: when it rains I get wet.If I am inside: when it rains I don’t get wet.”What is this example of?
conditional relation
_____ signals when a CS will or won’t be followed by the US.
occasion setting/facilitation
In instrumental conditioning, the S means:
Stimulus context
In instrumental conditioning, the O means:
The response outcome or reinforcer
In instrumental conditioning, the R means:
Instrumental response
Skinner described instrumental conditioning in terms of:
A three-term contingency involving S, R, and O
