Chapter 8

Question 1

A relation in which the significance of one stimulus or event depends on the status of another stimulus.

Answer 1

conditional relation

Question 2

________ occurs when an organism responds differently to two or more stimuli.

Answer 2

stimulus discrimination

Question 3

________ occurs when an organism responds in a similar fashion to two or more stimuli.

Answer 3

stimulus generalization

Question 4

what is a stimulus generalization gradient?

Answer 4

a gradient of how similar each test stimulus is to the original training stimulus

Question 5

What does a steep generalization gradient indicate?

Answer 5

strong control of behavior by the stimulus dimension that is tested

Question 6

competition among stimuli for access to the processes of learning

Answer 6

overshadowing

Question 7

the ________ assumes that participants respond to a compound stimulus in terms of the stimulus elements that make up the compound

Answer 7

stimulus-element approach

Question 8

the _______ assumes that organisms treat a compound stimulus as an integral whole that is not divided into parts or elements

Answer 8

configural-cue approach

Question 9

stimulus discrimination training can be conducted using ______ conditioning procedures.

Answer 9

classical or instrumental

Question 10

a ~stimulus discrimination procedure~ establishes:

Answer 10

control by the stimuli that signal when reinforcement is and is not available

Question 11

once the S+ and S- have gained control over the individual’s behavior, they are called:

Answer 11

discriminative stimuli

Question 12

an instrumental conditioning procedure in which responding is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and not reinforced in the presence of another cue is a special case of a:

Answer 12

multiple schedule of reinforcement

Question 13

in a ______ procedure, whenever each of the two stimuli occur individually, they are not reinforced (A- and B-). However, reinforcement occurs whenever the two stimuli are presented simultaneously (AB+).

Answer 13

positive patterning

Question 14

to accurately predict reinforcement with a positive patterning procedure:

Answer 14

the participant cannot respond to individual cues but has to identify when the two cues are present at the same time

Question 15

in a ______ procedure, reinforcement is available when the cues are presented individually (C+ and D+) but not when they appear simultaneously (CD-).

Answer 15

negative patterning

Question 16

a training procedure in which the S+ and S- differ only in terms of the value of one stimulus feature

Answer 16

intradimensional discrimination

Question 17

what is the peak-shift effect?

Answer 17

the peak rate of responding shifts away from the S+ in the opposite direction from the S-

Question 18

A ________ procedure trains the subject to treat different stimuli as similar.

Answer 18

stimulus equivalence

Question 19

“If I am outside: when it rains􏰀 I get wet.If I am inside: when it rains􏰀 I don’t get wet.”What is this example of?

Answer 19

conditional relation

Question 20

_____ signals when a CS will or won’t be followed by the US.

Answer 20

occasion setting/facilitation

Question 21

In instrumental conditioning, the S means:

Answer 21

Stimulus context

Question 22

In instrumental conditioning, the O means:

Answer 22

The response outcome or reinforcer

Question 23

In instrumental conditioning, the R means:

Answer 23

Instrumental response

Question 24

Skinner described instrumental conditioning in terms of:

Answer 24

A three-term contingency involving S, R, and O

Question 25

Lashley + Wade argue that stimulus generalization reflects the ______ of learning rather than Pavlov’s proposed _____ of learning.

Answer 25

absence; transfer