Chapter 9 Flashcards
What are the 3 types of respiration? Explain what they are.
- External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood
- Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues
- Cellular respiration: production of ATP in body cells
What is the function of the cilia?
Cilia are tiny hairlike structures found on some cells that sweep away debris. The cilia prevent foreign particles from getting into the lungs.
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
The pleural membrane is a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs. The adhesion of the pleural membranes cause the lungs to expand and draw in air when the volume of the chest cavity is increased.
What is the difference between the bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveoli?
Bronchi are the passages from the trachea to the left and right lung. Bronchioles are the smallest passageways of the respiratory tract. Alveoli are sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Biggest to smallest: bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What are the movements of the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation?
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts pulling downward to allow more space for oxygen. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape due to the force exerted by the organs in the abdomen.
What is inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration is where pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmosphere, and air moves into the lungs. Expiration is where pressure inside the lungs is more than the atmosphere and air moves out of the lungs.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is inflammation and over-inflation of the alveoli, causing then to rupture and reducing the surface area available for diffusion.
What is lung cancer?
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off on one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they divide rapidly and form tumours. These tumours reduce the surface area for diffusion.
What is partial pressure?
Partial pressure is the amount of a substance compared to another area.
How is oxygen transported throughout the body?
Oxygen diffuses from the atmosphere into alveoli and then, into the blood. Hemoglobin bonds to oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin. Hemoglobin and oxygen dissociate in the capillaries. Oxygen diffuses into the tissues.
How is carbon dioxide transported throughout the body?
Some carbon dioxide combines with water and plasma to form carbonic acid; this decreases the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, ensuring that carbon dioxide continues to diffuse into the blood. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen+. Hemoglobin in the blood combines with hydrogen+ releasing oxygen and acting as a buffer. In the lungs, hydrogen+ and bicarbonate combine to form carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is highly concentrated; it diffuses from the blood into the alveoli and is eliminated through exhalation.
How is breathing regulated?
Breathing movements are regulated by the medulla and by chemoreceptors in the carotid artery and the aorta.
What are chemoreceptors?
Chemoreceptors are specialized nerve receptors that are sensitive to specific chemicals.
Explain the two types of chemoreceptors.
- Carbon dioxide chemoreceptors (main regulator): chemoreceptors in the medulla detect high levels of carbon dioxide. A nerve impulse is sent to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm to increase breathing movements to get rid of carbon dioxide faster.
- Oxygen chemoreceptors (back-up receptor): receptors in the carotid and aortic arteries detect low levels of oxygen. These chemoreceptors send an impulse to the medulla, which then sends impulses to intercostal muscles and diaphragm to increase breathing rates.
What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
Breathing is the air exchange between the lungs and the environment (air in, air out) and respiration is when oxygen diffuses into your cells and waste is transferred out of the body.
