Chapter 6 & 7

Question 1

What are the 2 types of chlorophyll?

Answer 1

1. Chlorophyll a (blue green): is the primary light absorbing pigment. It can transfer sunlight to reactions of photosynthesis.
2. Chlorophyll b (yellow green): acts as an accessory pigment, absorbing photons that chlorophyll a does not.

Question 2

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

Answer 2

ATP is a molecule containing 3 high energy phosphate bonds that acts as the primary energy transferring molecule in living organisms. ADP is a molecule containing 2 high energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP.

Question 3

What is the difference between NADP and NADPH?

Answer 3

NADP is a compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons, forming NADPH; is an electron acceptor. NADPH is a compound that donates one hydrogen atom and two electrons to another molecule to reform NADP; is an electron donor.

Question 4

What is carbon fixation?

Answer 4

Carbon fixation is the process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules.

Question 5

What is a photosystem?

Answer 5

A photosystem is a cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy.

Question 6

What is an electron transport chain?

Answer 6

And electron transport chain is a series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released.

Question 7

What is photolysis?

Answer 7

Photolysis is a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light; in photosynthesis, water molecules are split by photolysis.

Question 8

Explain stage 1 of photosynthesis.

Answer 8

1. Chlorophyll molecules (photosystem) absorbs an electron.
2. Excited electron goes through the electron transport chain.
3. Electrons are replaced in the chlorophyll molecule (photosystem) through photolysis.

Question 9

What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

Answer 9

Oxidation loses electrons, reduction gains electrons.

Question 10

Explain stage 2 of photosynthesis.

Answer 10

1. Excited electrons travel down the stairs to their original energy level.
2. Energy from the excited electrons is used to make ATP.
3. Energy is transferred through the reduction of NADP to NADPH.

Question 11

What is ATP synthase complex?

Answer 11

It is a specialized protein comes embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ ions to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP.

Question 12

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 12

Chemiosmosis is a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

Question 13

Explain stage 3 of photosynthesis.

Answer 13

stage 3 is carbon fixation, which is the formation of high energy organic molecules from CO2. This process is also called the Calvin Cycle. It uses NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2 to G3P, which is then used to make glucose. Glucose is then made into other carbohydrates.

Question 14

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 14

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 15

How efficient is cellular respiration for converting glucose into ATP? What happens to the remaining percentage?

Answer 15

Cellular respiration is 36% efficient for converting glucose into ATP. The remaining 64% is lost as heat.

Question 16

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 16

Aerobic respiration happens in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration happens without the presence of oxygen.

Question 17

What are the stages of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 17

Aerobic:
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. The Krebs cycle
4. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Anaerobic:
1. Glycolysis
2. Fermentation

Question 18

How much ATP does aerobic and anaerobic respiration produce for every glucose?

Answer 18

Aerobic: 36 ATP
Anaerobic: 2 ATP

Question 19

What is glycolysis?

Answer 19

Glycolysis is where a glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm of the cell to produce a net total of 2 ATP molecules.

Question 20

What does a mitochondria do?

Answer 20

A mitochondria produces large quantities of ATP.

Question 21

What is pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 21

Pyruvate oxidation is a chemical the connects glycolysis in the cytoplasm with the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. Converts pyruvate into acetyl.

Question 22

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 22

The Krebs cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and removes CO2.

Question 23

What happens at the electron transport and chemiosmosis stage of aerobic respiration?

Answer 23

The electron chain transports electrons through a series of reactions that transfers energy to H+ ions as they are pumped into the mitochondrial inter membrane space. This creates an electrochemical gradient. In chemiosmosis, protons move through ATPase complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, releasing free energy that drives the synthesis of ATP.

Question 24

Describe the 2 types of fermentation.

Answer 24

1. Alcohol fermentation: a form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes it’s hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+.
2. Lactic acid fermentation: a form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and lactic acid.

Question 25

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 25

Carbon dioxide + water + energy —> glucose + oxygen