Chapter 9

Question 0

Operations

Answer 0

Reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically.

Question 1

Pre-operational stage

Answer 1

Piagets second stage, lasting from 2-7 years, during which time children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. This stage they form stable concepts and begin to reason. At the same time, their cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs.

Question 2

Symbolic function sub stage

Answer 2

Piaget’s first substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

Question 3

Egocentrism

Answer 3

Piagets concept that describes the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective

Question 4

Animism

Answer 4

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Question 5

Intuitive thought substage

Answer 5

Piaget’s second substage of preoperational thought, in which children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions.

Question 6

Centration

Answer 6

The focusing of attention on ones characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Question 7

Conservation

Answer 7

The concept that an objects or substances basic properties stay the same even though it’s appearance has been altered.

Question 8

Zone of proximal development

Answer 8

Vygotskys term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the children to achieve alone but can be achieved with guidance and help of adults.

Question 9

Scaffolding

Answer 9

Vygotskys term to describe the changing level of support over the course of teaching session, with more skilled person adjusting guidance to fit the child’s current performance level.

Question 10

Social constructivist approach

Answer 10

An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the fact that knowledge is mutually built and constructed

Question 11

Executive attention

Answer 11

Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation monitoring progress on tasks and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

Question 12

Sustained attention

Answer 12

Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

Question 13

Short-term memory

Answer 13

The memory component in which individuals retain information for
Up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal.

Question 14

Executive functioning

Answer 14

This manages ones thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and exercise self control.

Question 15

Theory of mind

Answer 15

A concept that refers to awareness of ones own mental processes and the mental processes of others

Question 16

Child- centered kindergarten

Answer 16

Education that involves the whole child by considering the child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and addressing the child’s needs , interests, and learning styles.

Question 17

Montessori approach

Answer 17

An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing actives and specially designed curriculum materials.

Question 18

Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

Answer 18

Education that focuses on typical developmental patterns of children as well as uniqueness of each child. Such practice contrasts contrasts with develop tally inappropriate practice, which ignores the concrete, hands- on approach to learning. For example, direct teaching largely through abstract paper and pencil activities presented to large groups of young children is believed to be developmentally inappropriate.

Question 19

Project head start

Answer 19

Compensatory education designed to provide children from low income families the opportunity to acquire skills and experiences that are important for school success.