Chapter 12 Flashcards
Transitivity
The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.
Seriation
The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitive dimension.(such as length)
Neo- piagetians
Developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget’s theory, giving more emphasis to information processing, strategies, and precise cognitive steps.
Long-term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time.
Working memory
A mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
Strategies
Deliberate mental activities designed to improve the processing of information.
Elaboration
An important strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing information.
Fuzzy trace theory
A theory stating that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations 1) verbatim memory trace and 2) gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces create by extracting the gist of information
Critical thinking
The ability to think reflectively and productively, as well as to evaluate the evidence.
Mindfulness
Being alert, mentally present and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks
Creative thinking
The ability to think in novel and unusual ways to come up with unique solutions to problems.
Convergent thinking
Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.
Divergent thinking
Thinking that produces many different answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity.
Brain storming
A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each others ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind.
Metacognition
Cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing
Intelligence
Problem solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experience of everyday life.
Individual difference s
The stable, consistent ways in which people differ from each other.
Mental age (MA)
Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others
Intelligence quotient
A persons mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
Normal distribution
A symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and fee scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternbergs theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
Heritability
The fraction of variance in a population that is attributed to genetics and is computed using correlational techniques.
Culture-fair tests
Tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias.
Mental retardation
A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
Organic retardation
Mental retardation that involves physical causes such as genetic disorder or brain damage.
Cultural- familial retardation
Retardation in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage but the individuals IQ generally is between 50-70.
Gifted
Having above- average intelligence(IQ of 130 or higher) and or superior talent for something.
Mentalinguistic awareness
Knowledge about language such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language.
Whole language approach
An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
Phonics approach
The idea that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
Extrinsic motivation
Involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.
Intrinsic motivation
Involves internal factors such as self determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort.
Mastery motivation
An orientation that focuses on tasks, learning strategies, and achievement process rather than innate ability.
Helpless orientation
An orientation in which one seems trapped by the experience of difficulty and attributes ones difficulty to lack of ability.
Performance orientation
An orientation in Which one focuses on achievement outcomes, winning is what matters most, and happiness is thought to result from winning.
Mindset
The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, they individuals develop for themselves.
Self-efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
