Chapter 12

Question 0

Transitivity

Answer 0

The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

Question 1

Seriation

Answer 1

The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitive dimension.(such as length)

Question 2

Neo- piagetians

Answer 2

Developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget’s theory, giving more emphasis to information processing, strategies, and precise cognitive steps.

Question 3

Long-term memory

Answer 3

A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time.

Question 4

Working memory

Answer 4

A mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

Question 5

Strategies

Answer 5

Deliberate mental activities designed to improve the processing of information.

Question 6

Elaboration

Answer 6

An important strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing information.

Question 7

Fuzzy trace theory

Answer 7

A theory stating that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations 1) verbatim memory trace and 2) gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces create by extracting the gist of information

Question 8

Critical thinking

Answer 8

The ability to think reflectively and productively, as well as to evaluate the evidence.

Question 9

Mindfulness

Answer 9

Being alert, mentally present and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks

Question 10

Creative thinking

Answer 10

The ability to think in novel and unusual ways to come up with unique solutions to problems.

Question 11

Convergent thinking

Answer 11

Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.

Question 12

Divergent thinking

Answer 12

Thinking that produces many different answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity.

Question 13

Brain storming

Answer 13

A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each others ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind.

Question 14

Metacognition

Answer 14

Cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing

Question 15

Intelligence

Answer 15

Problem solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experience of everyday life.

Question 16

Individual difference s

Answer 16

The stable, consistent ways in which people differ from each other.

Question 17

Mental age (MA)

Answer 17

Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others

Question 18

Intelligence quotient

Answer 18

A persons mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

Question 19

Normal distribution

Answer 19

A symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and fee scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

Question 20

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 20

Sternbergs theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

Question 21

Heritability

Answer 21

The fraction of variance in a population that is attributed to genetics and is computed using correlational techniques.

Question 22

Culture-fair tests

Answer 22

Tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias.

Question 23

Mental retardation

Answer 23

A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

Question 24

Organic retardation

Answer 24

Mental retardation that involves physical causes such as genetic disorder or brain damage.

Question 25

Cultural- familial retardation

Answer 25

Retardation in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage but the individuals IQ generally is between 50-70.

Question 26

Gifted

Answer 26

Having above- average intelligence(IQ of 130 or higher) and or superior talent for something.

Question 27

Mentalinguistic awareness

Answer 27

Knowledge about language such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language.

Question 28

Whole language approach

Answer 28

An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.

Question 29

Phonics approach

Answer 29

The idea that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

Question 30

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

Involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Question 31

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 31

Involves internal factors such as self determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort.

Question 32

Mastery motivation

Answer 32

An orientation that focuses on tasks, learning strategies, and achievement process rather than innate ability.

Question 33

Helpless orientation

Answer 33

An orientation in which one seems trapped by the experience of difficulty and attributes ones difficulty to lack of ability.

Question 34

Performance orientation

Answer 34

An orientation in Which one focuses on achievement outcomes, winning is what matters most, and happiness is thought to result from winning.

Question 35

Mindset

Answer 35

The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, they individuals develop for themselves.

Question 36

Self-efficacy

Answer 36

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.