Chapter 9

Question 1

Protein Sythesis

Answer 1

the process of using instructions carried on a gene to create proteins

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein

Question 3

Protein

Answer 3

a large molecule composed of amino acids

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

• Double-stranded
• Each nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
• 4 bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Question 5

RNA

Answer 5

• Single-stranded
• Nucleotides comprised of ribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
• 4 bases: A, T, G, and Uracil

Question 6

Transcription

Answer 6

DNA to RNA

Question 7

Translation

Answer 7

RNA to Protein

Question 8

RNA Polymerase

Answer 8

• Binds to the promoter region of the gene

- Zips down the length of gene, matching RNA nucleotides with complementary DNA nucleotides

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and comprises a small and a large subunit

Question 10

Transfer RNA

Answer 10

tRNA carries amino acids and matches its anticodon with codons on mRNA

Question 11

Mutations

Answer 11

changes in genetic sequence

Question 12

Base-Substitution Mutation

Answer 12

simple substitution of one base for another

Question 13

Neutral Mutation

Answer 13

mutation does not change the function of the protein, it codes for the same amino acid

Question 14

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 14

addition or deletion of a base, which changes the reading frame

Question 15

Regulating Gene Expression

Answer 15

turning a gene or a set of genes on or off

Question 16

Repressors

Answer 16

• Bind to the promoter and prevent the RNA polymerase from binding
• Prokaryotic cells use to regulate gene expression

Question 17

Activators

Answer 17

• Help the RNA polymerase bind to the promoter

- Eukaryotic cells use activators to regulate gene expression

Question 18

Transgenic Organism

Answer 18

the result of the incorporation of a gene from one organism to the genome of another (genetically modified organism (GMO))

Question 19

Gene Therapy

Answer 19

replacement of defective genes with functional genes

Question 20

Germ Line Gene Therapy

Answer 20

• Embryonic treatment
• Embryo supplied with a functional version of the defective gene
• Embryo + cells produced by cell division have a functional version of gene

Question 21

Somatic Cell Gene Therapy

Answer 21

fix or replace the defective protein only in specific cells

Question 22

SCID

Answer 22

severe combined immunodeficiency

Question 23

Nuclear Transfer

Answer 23

cloning is achieved through this process