chapter 9 Flashcards
What is the characteristic feature of fibrous joints?
Collagen fibers hold the joint together, and they are mostly synarthroses (immovable).
Name three types of fibrous joints and give an example for each.
Gomphoses: Between teeth and alveolar processes.
Sutures: Lines between skull bones.
Syndesmosis: Joint between the radius and ulna.
What is the main feature of cartilaginous joints?
Cartilage fibers hold the joint together, and they are mostly amphiarthroses (slightly movable).
Name two types of cartilaginous joints and give an example for each.
Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage): Epiphyseal plate.
Symphyses (fibrocartilage): Intervertebral discs.
What is the main feature of synovial joints?
Synovial joints have many components, including a ligament, joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, and synovial fluid. Most are diarthroses (freely movable).
What are the components of a synovial joint?
Joint capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane).
Synovial fluid for lubrication, shock absorption, nourishment, and waste removal.
Articular cartilage covering the ends of bones.
How are joints classified functionally?
Synarthrosis: No movement.
Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable.
Diarthrosis: Freely movable.
What is the difference between osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis?
-Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear, mostly affects the elderly.
-Rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune disease attacking the synovial membrane, affects all joints.
-Gouty arthritis: Caused by a buildup of uric acid in the synovial fluid, often due to kidney dysfunction.
What causes a herniated disc?
The annulus fibrosus rips, and the nucleus pulposus squeezes out, potentially pinching a nerve.
Name the extracapsular ligaments of the knee.
Lateral (fibular) collateral (LCL).
Medial (tibial) collateral (MCL).
Patellar tendon.
Popliteal ligament.
Name the intracapsular ligaments of the knee.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
What is the role of the menisci in the knee joint?
The menisci are extra pads of fibrocartilage (medial and lateral) that cushion the joint and provide stability.
What is the unhappy triad in knee injuries?
Injury to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus.
How do you diagnose a torn ACL?
The anterior drawer sign: Pull the leg anteriorly; if the tibia moves forward, the ACL is torn.
What are the functions of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?
Lubrication of the joint.
Shock absorption.
Nourishment of chondrocytes.
Removal of wastes from the joint.
What is the role of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?
Articular cartilage lines the ends of long bones, providing a smooth surface for movement and reducing friction.
What is the function of ligaments in a synovial joint?
Ligaments hold the bones together and stabilize the joint by limiting its range of motion.
What is the function of the synovial membrane in synovial joints?
The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid and lines the inner surface of the joint capsule.
What are the two layers of a synovial joint capsule?
Superficial layer: Fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue).
Deep layer: Synovial membrane (epithelial tissue).
What is the general movement classification for fibrous joints?
Almost all fibrous joints are synarthroses (immovable), with some exceptions like syndesmoses being slightly movable.
What type of movement is allowed by cartilaginous joints?
Almost all cartilaginous joints are amphiarthroses (slightly movable).
What is the difference between synchondroses and symphyses in cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses: Hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plate).
Symphyses: Fibrocartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs).
What is an example of a synarthrosis joint, and what is its characteristic?
Sutures in the skull are synarthroses (immovable joints).
What is an example of an amphiarthrosis joint, and what is its characteristic?
intervertebral discs are amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints).
What is an example of a diarthrosis joint, and what is its characteristic?
Knee joint is a diarthrosis (freely movable joint).
What causes osteoarthritis, and who is most affected?
Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear of the joints, and it primarily affects the elderly.
What type of disease is rheumatoid arthritis, and which joints does it affect?
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the synovial membrane, affecting all joints.
What causes gouty arthritis, and where does it primarily affect the body?
Gouty arthritis is caused by a buildup of uric acid in the synovial fluid, often affecting the big toe.
What is the structure of the intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus: Outer ring of fibrocartilage.
Nucleus pulposus: Gel-like center that absorbs pressure.
What are the functions of the knee’s extracapsular ligaments?
The lateral (LCL) and medial (MCL) collateral ligaments stabilize the knee by preventing sideways motion.
What is the role of the ACL and PCL in the knee joint?
The ACL prevents anterior movement of the tibia, and the PCL prevents posterior movement of the tibia.
What is the role of the medial and lateral menisci in the knee?
The menisci provide cushioning and improve the fit between the femur and tibia for better joint stability.
