Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the four main types of tissue?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
Protection, Selective permeability, Absorption, Secretion, Sensation
Fill in the blank: Epithelial tissue is characterized by high _______ capacity.
regeneration
What is meant by the term ‘cellularity’ in epithelial tissue?
Made mostly of cells
True or False: Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels.
False
What are the three surfaces of epithelial cells?
Apical surface, Lateral surface, Basal surface
What does ‘avascularity’ refer to in the context of epithelial tissue?
No blood vessels
What is the term for the inside of a tube in epithelial tissue?
Lumen
What does ‘innervation’ indicate about epithelial tissue?
Lots of nerve receptors
What type of tissue usually lies beneath epithelial tissue?
Connective tissue
What is the role of the basal surface in epithelial tissue?
The bottom surface where epithelial cells attach
What is ‘polarity’ in epithelial tissue?
Specific sides, top, bottom
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
Connects things, Protection
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
Movement
What is the primary function of nervous tissue?
Communication
What process is involved in the repair of epithelial tissue?
Cell division, Mitosis
What is the line under the basal surface called?
Basement membrane
What is the function of tight junctions?
Prevent leakage between the cells
Attached on the special surface, made of fused plasma membrane.
What are adhering junctions?
Smaller than desmosomes and hold cells together
Made of microfilaments.
What are desmosomes?
Bigger than adherens junction and hold cells together
Made of protein filaments.
What are hemidesmosomes?
Structures between the basement membrane and cell.
What is the function of gap junctions?
Create tunnels between cells that can exchange substances.
How are epithelial tissues classified?
By the number of layers and cell shape.
What are the two types of epithelial tissue layers?
Simple - one layer, Stratified - more than one layer.
What are the shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous - flat, Cuboidal - square/box, Columnar - tall and skinny.
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Rapid diffusion
Location: Lungs - alveoli, Capillaries.
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Simple absorption, selective permeability, secretion
Location: Kidneys, Glands.
What type of epithelium is found in the uterine tube and respiratory tract?
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Has ciliated filaments that resemble hair.
What is the function of microvilli in non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Increases surface area for absorption
Found in the intestine.
What type of epithelium provides protection and is keratinized?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Located in the epidermis.
What is the location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Oral cavity and inner lining of the vagina
All cells are alive.
What is the function of stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium?
Protection
Located in big glands and the male urethra.
What characterizes pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Looks stratified but every cell attaches to the basement membrane
Contains cilia and goblet cells, secretes mucin.
What is the composition of mucus?
Mucin + H2O = mucus
Mucin is secreted by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
What type of epithelium can stretch and is found inside the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
Can change from many layers to few layers.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
binding of structures
What are the that make up connective tissue?
Cells, extracellular matrix, protein fibers, ground substance.
What are the states of ground substance in connective tissue?
Liquid, gel, solid.
What are the types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, loose, dense.
What characterizes loose connective tissue?
Fewer fibers, more ground substance.
What characterizes dense connective tissue?
More fibers, less ground substance.
What are the cells of connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, fixed macrophages, mesenchymal cells.
What do fibroblasts do?
Build fibers.
What are adipocytes?
Fat cells.
What do fixed macrophages do?
Eat damaged tissue.
What are mesenchymal cells?
“Left over” cells that divide and repair.
What are wandering cells in connective tissue?
mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, and other leukocytes.
What is the matrix in connective tissue?
All stuff in tissue that is not cells.
What are the types of fibers in connective tissue?
Collagen, elastic, reticular.
What are the characteristics of collagen fibers?
Tough, not flexible, found in tendons and ligaments, most protein, pink in slides.
What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?
Stretchy, but not as strong, stain black or purple in slides.
What are the characteristics of reticular fibers?
Net-like, stain black or purple in slides.
What are the characteristics of loose areolar connective tissue?
Loose areolar connective tissue has not a lot of fibers, a lot of white space, and lots of space for vessels and nerves.
Found everywhere.
What is the primary component of adipose tissue?
Adipose tissue is mainly just cells with not a lot of fibers.
What are the functions of adipose tissue?
padding/cushioning
Where is adipose tissue located?
Subcutaneous layer
What are the characteristics of reticular connective tissue?
net-like fibers, reticular tissue, cells, ground substance (gel), and reticular fibers.
Where is reticular connective tissue located?
spleen.
What is dense regular connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue provides strength and binding with fibers that are all parallel.
Where is dense regular connective tissue located?
Dense regular connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments.
What is dense irregular connective tissue functions?
provides strength and binding with fibers arranged in all directions.
Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?
Dermis
What are the characteristics of elastic connective tissue?
Elastic connective tissue is strong and stretchy.
Where is elastic connective tissue located?
Elastic connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries.
What is supportive connective tissue?
Supportive connective tissue includes cartilage, which provides support and protection.
What are the general components of cartilage?
Cartilage is composed of cells, chondoblasts that develop into chondrocytes, a matrix, ground substance, and fibers.
What is a characteristic of cartilage repair?
Cartilage has a hard time repairing due to low blood supply.
What is hyaline cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage contains chondrocytes, appears smooth with no visible fibers, and is found in the fetal skeleton, nose, rib cage, and lining joint surfaces.
What is fibrocartilage?
Fibrocartilage has visible fibers, is stronger due to larger fibers, and is located in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
What is elastic cartilage?
Elastic cartilage contains chondrocytes, ground substance, and elastic fibers, and is characterized by skinny purple fibers.
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Muscle tissue is mostly composed of cells that shorten to produce movement.
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle is voluntary, multinucleated, and striated.
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, contains intercalated discs, and has bifurcated cells.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is involuntary, has no striations, contains only one nucleus, and has fusiform shaped cells.
Where is smooth muscle located?
Smooth muscle is found in the digestive system, respiratory system, bladder, and blood vessels.
What is the function of nervous tissue?
The function of nervous tissue is communication, primarily through neurons.
