Chapter 9

Question 1

Particularly, what new religious idea did Cranmer and Cromwell want to introduce into the Church after the break from Rome

Answer 1

Lutheranism

Question 2

What were the specific aims of Cranmer and Cromwell after the break from Rome

Answer 2

Introduce a Bible in English, and undermine salvation through good works

Question 3

What faction were Cromwell and Cranmer part of

Answer 3

Reformist

Question 4

In the 1530’s what was the most crushing defeat for the Reformist faction

Answer 4

Introduction of the Six Articles in June 1539

Question 5

What was Henry’s view on re-marrying after Jane Seymour’s death

Answer 5

• Reluctant
• Yet aware of the risks associated with only having one son
• He himself only became King due to his brother, Arthur’s death

Question 6

What led Henry to appreciate the risks associated with having only one son

Answer 6

He himself only became King due to his brother, Arthur’s death

Question 7

How did Cromwell view the possibility of a fourth marriage as an opportunity for

Answer 7

Secure a marriage alliance as a bulwark against the unified might of France and the Holy Roman Empire

Question 8

What events meant that Cromwell felt the need to secure a marriage alliance as a bulwark against the unified might of France and the Holy Roman Empire

Answer 8

• Treaty of Nice - June 1538
• Excommunication - December 1538

Question 9

Why were so few countries willing to ally themselves with Henry when he was seeking his fourth marriage

Answer 9

Few wanted to ally with a country that rejected the Pope

Question 10

Where was Anne of Cleves from

Answer 10

German Schmalkaldic League

Question 11

Why was Anne of Cleves a suitable wife for Henry

Answer 11

She had also broken from Rome, yet upheld an essentially Catholic doctrine

Question 12

When did Henry and Anne of Cleves marry

Answer 12

January 1540

Question 13

When did Henry seek an annulment from Anne of Cleves on grounds of non-consumation

Answer 13

July 1540

Question 14

What reason was given for Henry and Anne’s annulement in July 1540

Answer 14

Non-consumation

Question 15

What shows how Cromwell was still useful to Henry until very soon before his death

Answer 15

Was awarded Earl of Essex, and Lord Great Chamberlain in April 1540

Question 16

When was Cromwell awarded Earl of Essex, and Lord Great Chamberlain

Answer 16

April 1540

Question 17

What were the factors in Cromwell’s execution

Answer 17

• Faliure to deal with a group of heretics in Calais
• Subsequent attack from Conservatives
• Cleves marriage faliure

Question 18

When was Cromwell’s execution

Answer 18

July 28th 1540

Question 19

What was the implications of Cromwell’s death on Government advice

Answer 19

Dependant on factional influence only

Question 20

What were Henry’s four main foreign policy aims

Answer 20

• Secure Tudor dynasty
• Establish himself as an equal to Charles V and Francis I
• Regain control of former French terretories
• Maintain trade links with Netherlands

Question 21

When Treaty of Nice signed, and what did this mean

Answer 21

• June 1538
• Ended Habsburg-Valois conflict

Question 22

When did the Pope call on France and the Holy Roman Empire to mount a crusade, and restore England to Catholisisim

Answer 22

December 1538

Question 23

What happened in December 1538

Answer 23

December 1538

Question 24

What was the domestic consequence of the Pope calling on France and the Holy Roman Empire to mount a crusade and restore England to Catholism

Answer 24

Imperial ambassadors were withdrawn

Question 25

When was an attempted alliance sought between England the Holy Roman Empire after England was excommunicated

Answer 25

Stephen Gardiner sent to the Imperial court to negoatiate an alliance in Spring 1541

Question 26

What is the overriding reason for WHEN religious changes were introduced in Henry’s reign after the Break from Rome

Answer 26

Foreign affairs, as Henry did not want to risk a joint Franco-Imperial invasion

Question 27

What is the significance of Henry not wanting to risk a joint Franco-Imperial invasion regarding his own religious policy

Answer 27

Determined WHEN his changes would be introduced

Question 28

What were the primary beliefs of the conservative faction

Answer 28

Purgatory and salvation through good works

Question 29

Who initially presented Katherine Howard to henry

Answer 29

Duke of Norfolk

Question 30

when were K Howard and Henry married

Answer 30

August 1540

Question 31

Good analysis of the role of K Howard in factional rivalry

Answer 31

She was little more than a pawn in the elaborate game which was being played between factions, to gain power and influence

Question 32

When was K howard executed

Answer 32

Feburary 1542

Question 33

What did the Conservative factions rivals do to dismiss K howard

Answer 33

Compiled evidence of Katherine’s affair with Thomas Culpepper, resulting in her execution

Question 34

From what point was factional influence greatly insignificant in influencing Henry’s religious policy

Answer 34

The fall of Cromwell, and disgrace of the conservatives after K howard’s execution