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Hacc Bio Test 1 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where do living cells get their energy

A

outside sources

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2
Q

what are the two ways animals obtain their energy

A
  1. eating plants
  2. feed on other organisms that eat plants
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3
Q

energy flows into an ecosystem as blank and leaves as blank

A

sunlight, heat

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4
Q

what does photosynthesis release

A

oxygen and organic molecles

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5
Q

what type of energy do cells use to regenerate ATP and where is that energy stored

A

chemical energy, it is stored in organic molecules

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6
Q

how do catabolic pathways yield energy

A

by oxidizing organic fuels

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7
Q

what does exergonic mean

A

the breakdown of organic molecules

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8
Q

describe fermintation

A

a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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9
Q

does fermentation or aerobic respiration produce more ATP

A

aerobic respiration

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10
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and produces ATP

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11
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

consumes compound other than O2

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12
Q

what does aerobic respiration need to complete its whole cycle

A

oxygen

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13
Q

cellular respiration includes both

A

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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14
Q

what is cellular respiration often used to refer to

A

aerobic respiration

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15
Q

what are three things that are consumed as fuel

A

carbohydrates, fats, and protiens

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16
Q

what is helpful to trace cellular respiration

A

the sugar glucose

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17
Q

what does the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions release

A

energy stored in organic molecules

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18
Q

the energy stored in organic molecules is the released energy used for what

A

synthesize ATP (make)

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19
Q

Oxidation blank electrons, reduction blank electrons

A

loses, gains

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20
Q

what is an abbreviation for oxidation and reduction

A

LEO says GER (lose electrons oxidation, gaining electrons reduction)

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21
Q

what does redox reactions mean and or oxidation-reduction reactions

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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22
Q

what is oxidation and or being oxidized

A

when a substance loses its electrons (becomes more positive)

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23
Q

what happens in reduction

A

a substance gains electrons, (there is less positive charge)

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24
Q

what is a reducing agent

A

electron donor

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25
Q

what is a oxidizing agent

A

electron receptor (takes in the election)

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26
Q

if a redox reaction does not transfer electrons what could it do

A

change the electron sharing covalent bonds

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27
Q

in cellular respiration what is oxidized and what is reduced

A

the field, such as glucose, is oxidized, and oxygen is reduced

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28
Q

what is an example of a coenzyme and carries hydrogen

A

NAD+

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29
Q

during cellular respiration what is being broken down

A

glucose and other organic molecules

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30
Q

after the organic molecules are broken down what are the electrons transferred to

A

NAD+

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31
Q

NAD+ is a what, and what is its functions

A

it is an electronic acceptor and functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

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32
Q

what is the reduced form of NAD+

A

NADH

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33
Q

what does NADH represent

A

stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

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34
Q

what does NADH pass the electrons to

A

the electron transport chain

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35
Q

in the electron transport chain what does oxygen do

A

it pulls down the chain in an energy yielding tumble

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36
Q

when oxygen in the electron transport chain pulls down the chain in an energy yielding tumble what does the energy yield used for

A

to regenerate ATP

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37
Q

during cellular respiration when is the oxygen used and for what

A

used in the last step, forms water

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38
Q

what are the three stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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39
Q

what breaks down glucose into to molecules of pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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40
Q

what completes the breakdown of glucose has the most hydrogens being taken out

A

citric acid cycle

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41
Q

what accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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42
Q

what does glucose break down into during cellular respiration

A

pyruvate

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43
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

it is a coenzyme that accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration

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44
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

if is what forms a smaller amount of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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45
Q

substrate+phosphorated group+ADP=

A

product+ATP

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46
Q

glycolysis does what

A

-it harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
-“splitting of sugars” breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

47
Q

what does glycolysis occur and how many phases does it have

A

cytoplasm and two phases

48
Q

which phase of glycolysis put in a little bit of energy and spends ATP

A

energy investment phase

49
Q

which phase of glycolysis makes a lot of ATP through cellular respiration if enough of it is available

A

energy payoff phase

50
Q

after pyruvate is (blank), the (blank) cycle complete the (blank)

A

oxidized, citric acid, energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules

51
Q

only when what is present does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion

A

oxygen

52
Q

what must happen for the citric acid cycle to begin

A

the pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which is apart of glycolysis

53
Q

what is the Krebs cycle

A

another word for citric acid cycle

54
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

55
Q

what happens during the citric acid cycle

A

the cycle oxidizes organic fuels derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn

56
Q

how many steps does the citric acid cycle have

A

8 steps and each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

57
Q

during what is citrate formed and how

A

during the first step of the Krebs cycle the acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle and combines with oxaloacetate, which forms citrate

58
Q

what does the last 7 steps of the krebs cycle ultimately do

A

decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate

59
Q

what two things are produced from the Krebs cycle

A

NADH and FADH2, and they relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain, accounting for most of the energy extracted from food

60
Q

which of the three phases of cellular respiration does chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

what do NADH and FADH do during oxidative phosphorylation

A

carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which then powers ATP synthesis by way of oxidative phosphorylation

62
Q

where is the electron transport chain

A

the cristae of the mitochondrion

63
Q

in the electron transport chain what are most of the chains components

A

proteins and they exist in, multiprotein complexes

64
Q

the electron transport chain consist of carries and what are their alternative states

A

they alternate reduced and oxidizes states as they accept and donate electrons

65
Q

when going through the pathway of electron transport what happens to the electrons

A

they drop in free energy as they move down the chain (so electrons move down the chain) and are eventually passed to oxygen, forming water (last step of cellular respiration)

65
Q

electrons are transferred from (blank or blank) to the ETC

A

NADH or FADH2

66
Q

what is cytochrome

A

a protein

67
Q

electrons are passed through a number of what to oxygen

A

proteins, including cytochrome (each with an iron atom)

68
Q

does the electron transport chain generate ATP directly

A

no it does not

69
Q

what is the overall function of the electron transport chain

A

to break the large free energy drop from food to oxygen into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts

70
Q

what is known as the energy coupling mechanism

A

chemiosmosis

71
Q

what does electron transfer in the etc cause

A

proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

72
Q

Once hydrogen is pumped into the intermembrane space, what does hydrogen do

A

moves back across the membrane

72
Q

when the hydrogen is moving across the membrane, what does it pass through

A

passing through channels in ATP synthase

73
Q

what does ATP synthase do

A

it uses the exergonic flow of hydrogen to drive phosphorylation of ATP

74
Q

what type of example is the use of energy in hydrogen gradient to drive cellular work

A

chemiosmosis

75
Q

what is the proton motive force

A

the hydrogen gradient

76
Q

during cellular respiration what is the sequence at which most energy flows in

A

glucose to NADH to electron transport chain to proton-motive force to ATP

77
Q

about (blank) percent of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to (blank) during cellular respiration, making about (blank) ATP

A

40%, ATP, 30-32

78
Q

what two things enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen

A

fermentation and anaerobic respiration

79
Q

what is usually needed to produce ATP

A

oxygen

80
Q

what is the one process that can produce ATP with or without oxygen

A

glycolysis (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions)

81
Q

when there is no oxygen available how to glycolysis produce ATP

A

glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce the ATP

82
Q

how does anaerobic respiration make ATP

A

it uses an electron transport chain with an electron acceptor (example sulfate)

83
Q

how does fermentation produce atp

A

it uses phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain

84
Q

what process consist of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis

A

fermentation

85
Q

what are two common types of fermentation

A

alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

86
Q

what happens in alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps

87
Q

what is the first step of pyruvate converting into ethanol in alcohol fermentation

A

releasing of CO2

88
Q

what happens in lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product

89
Q

which type of fermentation releases carbon dioxide to convert pyruvate to ethanol

A

alcohol fermentation

90
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation used to make

A

cheese and yogurt

91
Q

muscle cells use (blank) fermentation to generate ATP when there is little to no oxygen

A

lactic acid

92
Q

what is a similarity between fermentation and aerobic respiration

A

both processes use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate

93
Q

what is the final acceptor in cellular respiration

A

oxygen

93
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in fermentation

A

an organic molecules (such as pyruvate)

94
Q

fermentation produces (blank) ATP per glucose molecule, cellular respiration produces (blank) ATP per glucose molecules

A

2, 30-32

95
Q

what is obligate anaerobes

A

they carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration (cannot curvice in the presence of oxygen)

96
Q

what are facultative anaeroboes

A

examples are yeast and many bacteria, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation of respiration

97
Q

what happens in facultative anaerobe

A

pruvyate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes

98
Q

where do they think glycolysis probably evolved from

A

ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the atmosphere

99
Q

what do catabolic pathways do

A

funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration

100
Q

what macromolecule does glycolysis accept

A

a wide range of carbohydrates

101
Q

what feeds glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

A

amino acid groups

102
Q

(blank) are digested to glycerol and fatty acids

A

fats

103
Q

what is beta oxidation

A

the process of which fatty acids are broken down and yield acetyl CoA

104
Q

which produces more ATP an oxidized gram of fat or oxidized gram of carbohydrate

A

oxidized gram of fat (specifically twice as much)

105
Q

what is biosynthesis

A

an anabolic pathway

106
Q

where do small molecules come from

A

food, glycolysis, citric acid cycle

107
Q

what is the most common mechanism for control

A

feedback inhibition

108
Q

if ATP concentration beings to drop what happens

A

respiration speeds up

109
Q

when there is plenty of ATP

A

respiration slows down

110
Q

how does your body control catabolism

A

it is based mainly on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway

Hacc Bio Test 1 (7 decks)

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