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Hacc Bio Test 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Four classes of large biological molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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3
Q

monomers

A

small building plocks are called monomers

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4
Q

Which of the four biological molecules are polymers?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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5
Q

Condensation reaction/dehydration reaction

A

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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6
Q

what are macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process?

A

enzymes

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7
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

Polymers are disassembled to monomers, through a reaction that is the opposite of the dehydration reaction

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8
Q

true or false, each cell consist of thousands of different kinds of macromolecules

A

true

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9
Q

what do carbohydrates consist of?

A

sugars and the polymers of sugars

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10
Q

monosaccharides and polysaccharides are apart of which biological molecule

A

carbohydrates

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11
Q

what is the most common carbohydrate

A

glucose (C6H12O6)

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12
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by what two things

A
  1. the location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketose)
  2. the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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13
Q

where is aldose placed in a carbonyl group?

A

the top

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14
Q

where is ketose placed in a carbonyl group?

A

the middle

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15
Q

aqueous solutions means

A

water solutions

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16
Q

what are the two main purposes of monosaccharides?

A
  1. major fuel for cells
    raw material for building molecules
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17
Q

what bond happens when a disaccharide is formed?

A

covalent bond, specifically glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

what is a glycosidic linkage?

A

bond between the two monosaccharides

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19
Q

what is the function and structure of polysaccharides determined by?

A
  1. sugar monomers
    and the position of glycosidic linkages
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20
Q

what is starch?

A

a storage polysaccharides of plants, that consist of glucose monomers

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21
Q

what is a plant polysaccharide?

A

starch

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22
Q

what is an animal polysaccharide?

A

glycogen

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23
Q

Where is glycogen found

A

mainly in the liver and muscle cells

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24
Q

what is the polysaccharide cellulose?

A

a component of the tough wall of plant cells, a polymer of glucose

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25
Q

how does cellulose different from starch?

A

the glycosidic linkages differ, two ring forms alpha or beta

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26
Q

alpha structure=

A

straight consistent bonds

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27
Q

beta structure=

A

alternated bonding

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28
Q

what shape are polymers with a alpha structure

A

helical

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29
Q

what shape are polymers with beta structure

A

straight

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30
Q

what are microfibrils?

A

parallel cellulose molecules held together, which from building materials for plants

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31
Q

what is insoluble fiber?

A

cellulose in human food that passes through the digestive tract

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32
Q

what type of relationship to herbivores have with microbes?

A

symbiotic relationships

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33
Q

what is chitin?

A

a structural polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

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34
Q

what provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

A

chitin

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35
Q

what is one important thing about lipids?

A

the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers

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36
Q

what is the main feature of lipids?

A

no affinity for water

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37
Q

why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

they consist of mostly hydrocarbons, which from nonpolar covalent bonds

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38
Q

that are the three most important lipids?

A
  1. fats, phospholipids, and steroids
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39
Q

what makes up fats?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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40
Q

what is gylcerol?

A

three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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41
Q

what does a fatty acid consist of?

A

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

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42
Q

do fats attract or separate from water?

A

separate because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and exclude the fats

43
Q

what is a triacylglycerol

A

three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by ester linkage

44
Q

are all fatty acids the same length

A

no they are not, it depends on the number of carbons and in the number and location of double bonds

45
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

46
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double bonds

47
Q

what are saturated fats

A

fats made from saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature

48
Q

most animals are what…

A

saturated

49
Q

what are unsaturated fats

A

made from unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at room temperature (oils)

50
Q

what are two types of unsaturated fats

A

plant and fish fats

51
Q

what could cause a cardiovascular disease

A

a diet rich in saturated fats through plaque deposists

52
Q

what is hydrogenation

A

the process of converting unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

53
Q

what is the major function of fats

A

energy storage

54
Q

where do humans and other mammals store their fat

A

adipose tissue cells

55
Q

what do adipose tissue cells do

A

cushion vital organs and insulated the body

56
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

57
Q

which end of the phospholipid is hydrophobic, and which part is hydrophilic?

A

tails are hydrophobic, and the head Is hydrophilic

58
Q

when phospholipids are added to water what do they create

A

bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes

59
Q

what is the major component of cell membranes

A

phospholipids

60
Q

what are steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

61
Q

cholesterol is a type of what

A

steroid

62
Q

what is cholesterol

A

an important steroid, that is a component in animal cell membranes

63
Q

high levels of cholesterol=

A

cardiovascular disease

64
Q

which biological molecule account for more than 50% of the Dry mass of most cells

A

proteins

65
Q

what are the 5 functions of protiens

A
  1. structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances
66
Q

what type of biological macromolecules is enzymes

A

they are a proteins that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

67
Q

what are polypeptides

A

polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

68
Q

what do proteins consist of

A

one or more polypeptides

69
Q

what are amino acids?

A

an organic molecule with a carboxyl and amino group

70
Q

amino group=

A

basic

71
Q

carboxyl group=

A

acidic

72
Q

what links amino acids

A

peptide bonds

73
Q

do each polypeptide have a unique linear sequence of amino acids

A

yes

74
Q

what is a function proteins

A

consist of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

75
Q

what does the sequence of amino acids determine

A

proteins three-dimensional structure

76
Q

What are the four levels of protein structures

A
  1. the primary structure is its unique sequence of amino acids
  2. the secondary structure consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
  3. tertiary structure is determine by interactions among various side chains (r groups)
  4. quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
77
Q

what is primary structure determined by

A

inherited genetic information

78
Q

what are the coils and folds of secondary structure resulted from

A

hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

79
Q

what is the tertiary structure determined by

A

interactions between the R groups

80
Q

what are disulfide bridges

A

they are strong covalent bonds that can reinforce proteins structure

81
Q

what does a quaternary structure result from

A

two or more polypeptides chains for on macromolecule

82
Q

what is collagen

A

a fibrous protein that consist of three polypeptides coiled like a rope

83
Q

what is a hemoglobin and what does it consist of

A

it is a globular protein tat consist of two alpha and two beta chains

84
Q

what is sickle cell disease

A

an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

85
Q

what are environmental factors of the primary structure of a protien

A

pH, salt concentration, temperation

86
Q

what is denaturation

A

loss of a proteins native/original structure

87
Q

what is used to determine a protiensstrcutre

A

x-ray crystallography

88
Q

what is a gene

A

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide programmed by a unit of inheritance

89
Q

what makes up a gene

A

DNA, a nucleic acid

90
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
91
Q

what does DNA direct

A

synthesis of messenger RNA and, controls protein synthesis

92
Q

where does protein synthesis occur

A

ribosomes

93
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

polymers called polynucleotides

94
Q

what does each nucleotide consist of

A

nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (5 carbons), and a phosphate group

95
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

the portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

96
Q

nucleoside=

A

nitrogenous base+sugar

97
Q

what are the two families of nitrogenous bases

A
  1. pyrimidines and purines
98
Q

what are pyrimidines

A

a single six-membered ring

99
Q

what are purines

A

a six membered ring fused to five membered ring

100
Q

In DNA the sugar is (blank); in RN, the sugar is (lank)

A

deoxyribose, ribose

101
Q

nucleotide=

A

nucleoside+phosphate group

102
Q

which hydrogen bonds bond together

A

adenine with thymine
guanine with cytosine

103
Q

what do higher levels of organization result in

A

emergence of new properties

Hacc Bio Test 1 (3 decks)

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