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Hacc Bio Test 1 > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

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3
Q

what are the producers of the biosphere

A

autotrophs

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4
Q

what do autotrophs produce

A

organic molecules of CO2 and other inorganic molecules

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5
Q

photoautotrophs

A

almost all plants are this, when they use energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain their organic material from other organisms

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7
Q

what are the consumers of the biosphere

A

heterotrophs

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8
Q

are humans autotrophs or heterotrophs

A

heterotrophs

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9
Q

what are chloroplast likely to be evolved from

A

photosynthetic bacteria

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10
Q

what allows for photosynthesis

A

the structural organization of these cells

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11
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

leaves

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12
Q

what is the green pigment within chloroplast

A

chlorophyll

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13
Q

what does co2 enter through and oxygen exit through

A

the stomata (pores in the leaf)

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14
Q

where are chloroplast mainly found

A

mesophyll, which is the interior tissue of the leaf

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15
Q

how many chloroplasts does a typical mesophyll have

A

30-40

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16
Q

where is the chlorophyll located

A

thylakoids, which are sacks in the chloroplast

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17
Q

what are grana

A

stacked columns of thylakoids

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18
Q

chloroplast contain what, and what is it

A

stroma, a defense fluid

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19
Q

what happens during the splitting of water

A

chloroplast split water into hydrogen and oxygen, turning the hydrogen molecules into sugar

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20
Q

what type of process is photosynthesis and why

A

redox because water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduces

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21
Q

what are the two stages of photosynthesis

A

light reactions, and calvin cycle

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22
Q

what happens in the light reactions (in the thylakoids)

A

1- splits water
2-releases the oxygen
3- reduces NADP+ to NADPH
4-generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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23
Q

where does the Calvin cycle happen

A

the stroma

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24
Q

what happens in the Calvin cycle

A

forms sugars from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH

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25
Q

what starts the Calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation, incorporating carbon dioxide into organic molecules

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26
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

solar powered chemical factories

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27
Q

what do thylakoids do

A

transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

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28
Q

what is light energy

A

electromagnetic energy, also known as electromagnetic radiation

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29
Q

what does light travel in

A

rhythmic waves

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30
Q

what is a wavelength

A

crest and waves

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31
Q

what does wavelength determine

A

the type of electromagnetic energy

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32
Q

photosynthesis is what kind of light

A

visible light, that can produce colors we see

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33
Q

photons

A

a light particle

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34
Q

what absorbs visible light

A

pigments

35
Q

different pigments absorb what

A

different wavelengths

36
Q

what do the lights that not absorbed do

A

get reflected or transmitted

37
Q

what is a spectrophotometer

A

measures a pigments ability to absorb WAVELENGTH

38
Q

what is an absorption spectrum

A

measure a pigments light absorption

39
Q

what does the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a say

A

suggest violet blue and red light work best for photosynthesis

40
Q

action spectrum

A

profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in a driving process

41
Q

who action spectrum

A

Theodor W. Engelman

42
Q

what is the main photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll a

43
Q

what does chlorophyll b do

A

broaden the spectrum uses for photosynthesis

44
Q

what are carotenoids

A

they are photo protectors, and accessory pigments that absorb excess light that would damage chlorophyll

45
Q

when does a pigments go from a ground state to an excited state

A

when it absorbs light, which is unstable

46
Q

how does fluorescence happen

A

when the protons return to ground state photons are given off producing an after glow

47
Q

what does a photosystem consist of

A

a reaction center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes

48
Q

what do light harvesting complexes do

A

funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center

49
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

accept chlorophyll a

50
Q

what is the first step of light reactions

A

solar powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecules to the primary electron receptor

51
Q

how many photosystems are in thylakoid membrane

A

2

52
Q

photosystem 2 function what

A

first

53
Q

what does photosystem 2 do

A

absorbs wavelength of 680nm

54
Q

what is the reaction center of chlorophyll a of ps 2 called

A

P680

55
Q

what does photosystem 2 do

A

best at absorbing wavelength of 700nm

56
Q

what are the two possible routes for light reactions

A

linear, cyclic

57
Q

what Is linear electron flow

A

the primary pathway that involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

58
Q

what happens once a pigments reaches P680

A

it Is transferred o the primary electron acceptor

59
Q

what is a very strong oxidizing agent

A

P680+

60
Q

how do electrons transfer from P1 to P2

A

they fall down an electron transport chain

61
Q

when the electrons fall down the electron transport chain blannk happens

A

energy is released by the fall which then drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

62
Q

in photosynthesis what drives ATP synthesis

A

diffusion of hydrogen across the membrane

63
Q

electrons start at what and reduce to what

A

NADP+ to NADPH

64
Q

what are the electrons of NADPH used for

A

Calvin cycle

65
Q

what does cyclic electron flow use

A

only photosystem 1 not 2, and only produces ATP

66
Q

photosystem 2 is blank

A

linearp

67
Q

photosystem 1 is

A

cyclic

68
Q

what is common between chloroplast and mitochondria

A

they both generate ATP by chemiosmosis

69
Q

mitochondria transfers (blank) energy from (blank) to ATP; chloroplasts transform (blank) energy into the (blank) energy of ATP

A

chemical, food, light, chemical

70
Q

in mitochondria where are protons pumped

A

they are pumped into the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial

71
Q

in chloroplast where are protons pumped

A

into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma

72
Q

what two things are going into the Calvin cycle

A

ATP and NAD

73
Q

in summary (blank) reactions generate (blank) and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from (blank) to (blank)

A

light, ATP, water, NADPH

74
Q

what does the calvin cycle create

A

carbon dioxide to sugars, it builds sugars from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH

75
Q

in the Calvin cycle, carbon enters and carbon dioxide, and leaves as what

A

glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate

76
Q

how many cycles does the Calvin cycle have and what are they

A

3 cycles
1- carbon fixation
2- reduction
3-regeneration of the CO2 receptor

77
Q

what do plants do on hot dry days in order to conserve water and limit photosynthesis

A

close the stomata

78
Q

what is photorespiration

A

when the stomata closes and it reduces access to carbon dioxide and causes oxygen to build up

79
Q

in photorespiration, rubisco adds what instead of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle

A

oxygen

80
Q

does photorespiration produce ATP

A

no

81
Q

what is PEP carboxylase used for

A

c4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating co2 into four carbon compounds in mesophyll cells

82
Q

what is Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) used for

A

to fix carbon

83
Q

what happens in CAM

A

plants open their stomata at night, incorporation carbon dioxide into organic acids. it then is closed in the days and carbon dioxide is released from organic acids and used in the calvin cycle

Hacc Bio Test 1 (7 decks)

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