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Hacc Bio Test 1 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the living cell also known as:

A

miniature chemical factory

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2
Q

Bioluminescence

A

organisms that can convert energy to light

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

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4
Q

what type of property is metabolism and why?

A

emergent property that arises from interactions between molecules

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5
Q

what happens in a metabolic pathway

A

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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6
Q

what happens in a catabolic pathway

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
ex. cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

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7
Q

Both the catabolic and anabolic pathway are apart of what?

A

metabolism

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8
Q

what is an anabolic pathway

A

consume energy, gaining energy, to build complex molecules
ex. the synthesis of protein from amino acids

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9
Q

bioenergetics

A

study of energy within living things, and how organisms manage their energy resources

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10
Q

what can cause change?

A

energy, electrons

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11
Q

does energy exists in various forms?

A

yes, some of which can perform work

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12
Q

kinetic energy

A

motion

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12
Q

heat (thermal energy)

A

is kinetic energy associated with random movements of atoms or molecules

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13
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy because of its location or structure

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14
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in chemical reaction

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15
Q

can energy be converted from one form to another

A

yes

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16
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations

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17
Q

closed system

A

keeping all energy within the system, such as that approximated by liquids in thermos, is isolated from its surroundings

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18
Q

open system

A

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
ex. humans are open systems

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19
Q

the first law of thermodynamics

A

the energy of the universe is constant: energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed
(also called the principle of conversation of energy)

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20
Q

during every energy transfer or transformation what is often lost

A

heat, and some energy is unusable

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21
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transfer or transformation increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe

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22
Q

living cells unavoidable convert organized forms of energy into what?

A

heat

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23
Q

what are spontaneous processes

A

they occur without energy input, they can happen quickly or slowly

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24
Q

for a process to occur without energy, spontaneous process, it must increase what?

A

the entropy, disorder, of the universite

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25
Q

how do cells create ordered structures

A

from less ordered materials

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26
Q

what do organisms replace ordered forms of matter and energy with

A

less ordered forms

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27
Q

energy flows into the ecosystem in the form of (blank) and exists in the form of (blank)

A

light, heat

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28
Q

if the entropy may decrease in an organism, the universes total entropy what?

A

increases

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29
Q

free energy

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

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30
Q

the change in free energy during a process is related to what 3 things

A
  1. change in total energy
  2. change in entropy
  3. change in temperature in kelvin
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31
Q

what type of processes are spontaneous

A

negative free energy (G)

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32
Q

what is free energy

A

free energy is a measure of a systems instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state

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33
Q

what happens to free energy during spontaneous change

A

the free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

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34
Q

what is equalibrium

A

the state of maximum stability

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35
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

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36
Q

what is an endergonic reaction

A

a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

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37
Q

the greater the decrease in free energy, the greater…

A

the amount of work that can be done

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38
Q

reactions in a closed system eventually reach

A

equilibrium and stop working

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39
Q

are cells in equilibrium

A

no they are not

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40
Q

are cells open or closed system

A

they are open systems because they have a constant flow of materials

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41
Q

does metabolism ever reach equilibrium

A

no it never does

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42
Q

what does a catabolic pathway in cells do

A

they release free energy in a series of reactions

43
Q

what can serve as analogies

A

open hydroelectric system

44
Q

what are the three main kinds of work a cell does

A

chemical, transport, and mechanical

45
Q

what is chemical work

A

pushing endergonic reactions

46
Q

what is transport work

A

pumping of substances across a membrane against the spontaneous process

47
Q

what is mechanical work

A

beating cilia, muscle contraction

48
Q

how do cells manage energy resources in order to do work

A

energy coupling

49
Q

what is energy coupling

A

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

50
Q

what is most energy coupling in cells is mediated by

A

ATP

51
Q

what is ATP

A

the cells energy shuttle

52
Q

what is ATP composed of

A

a ribose (sugar), adenin (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

53
Q

what can the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by

A

hydrolysis

54
Q

how is energy released from ATP

A

the terminal phosphate bond is broken

55
Q

what does that release of energy come from

A

the chemical change to state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves

56
Q

what are the three type of cellular work powered by

A

the hydrolysis of ATP

57
Q

what can the energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive

A

an endergonic reaction

58
Q

overall the couple reactions are…

A

exergonic

59
Q

how does ATP drive endergonic reactions

A

by phosphorylation

60
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant

61
Q

the recipient molecule of reactions by phosphorylation is…

A

phosphorylated

62
Q

is ATP renewable or not

A

yes

63
Q

how is ATP regenerated

A

the addition of a phosphate group to ADP

64
Q

where does the energy to phosphorylate ADP come from

A

catabolic reactions in the cells

65
Q

what drives most of the cellular work

A

the chemical potential energy temporarily stored in the ATP

66
Q

what is a catalyst

A

it is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

67
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a catalytic protein

68
Q

what does every chemical reactions between molecules involve

A

bond breaking and bond forming

69
Q

what is the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

A

free energy of activation, also known as activation energy

70
Q

what is activation energy usually in

A

the form of heat from its surroundings

71
Q

how do enzymes catalyze reactions

A

by lowering the activation energy barrier

72
Q

do enzymes affect the change in free energy

A

no they do not, they hasten reactions that would occur eventually

73
Q

what is the substrate

A

the reactant that an enzyme acts on

74
Q

what is formed when the enzyme bind to its substrate

A

enzyme-substrate complex

75
Q

what is the active site

A

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

76
Q

what does the induced fit of a substrate do

A

it brings chemical groups of the active sites into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

77
Q

in an enzymatic reaction, the blank binds to the blank of the enzyme

A

substrate, active site

78
Q

how can the active site lower the activation energy barrier

A
  1. orienting substrates correctly 2. straining substrate bonds 3. providing a favorable microenvironment 4. covalently bonding to the substrate
79
Q

what all can affect an enzymes activity

A
  1. temperature and pH 2. chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme
80
Q

each enzyme has its own (blank) and (Blank) at which it can function

A

optimal temperature and pH

81
Q

what are cofactors

A

non protein enzyme helpers

82
Q

are cofactors organic, or inorganic

A

they can be both, an example of inorganic is metal in ionic forms

83
Q

what is an example of a organic cofactor

A

coenzyme

84
Q

what do coenzymes include

A

vitamins- b7 (biotin)

85
Q

what are competitive inhibitors

A

they bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

86
Q

what are examples of competitive inhibitors

A

Viagra, penicillin

87
Q

what are noncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and make the active site les effectivewha

88
Q

what are examples of noncompetitive inhibitors

A

cyanide, heavy metals

89
Q

what are examples of inhibitors

A

toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics

90
Q

what would happen if a cells metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated

A

chemical chaos

91
Q

how does a cell cause chemical chaos

A

a cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes

92
Q

what is allosteric regulation

A

may either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

93
Q

when do allosteric regulation happen

A

when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site

94
Q

what are most allosterically regulated enzymes made from

A

polypeptide subunits

95
Q

each enzyme have what

A

active and inactive forms

96
Q

what does the binding of an activator do

A

stabilizes the inactive forms of the enzyme

97
Q

what does the binding of an inhibitor stabilize

A

the inactive forms of the enzyme

98
Q

what is cooperativity

A

a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

99
Q

what happens in cooperativity

A

the binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at all other subunits

100
Q

what happens in feedback inhibition

A

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

101
Q

what does feedback inhibition prevent

A

a cell from wastining chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed

102
Q

what do structures within the cell help bring order to

A

metabolic pathways

103
Q

some enzymes act as..

A

structural components of membranes

104
Q

in eukaryotic cells…

A

some enzymes reside in specific organelles

105
Q

what is a

A

Hacc Bio Test 1 (7 decks)

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