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Human Biology Unit 2 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Genetic information

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3
Q

What does genetic information dertermine?

A

It determines the structure of the cell and the way it functions

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4
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell (hint: 2)?

A

99% of DNA is in the nucleus and 1% is found in the mitochondria (mtDNA)

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5
Q

What are the 2 main types of nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

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6
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

Deoxyribose sugar. a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

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7
Q

What are the four nitrogenous groups in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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8
Q

What are the four nitrogenous groups in RNA?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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9
Q

How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?

A

46 chromosomes

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10
Q

Compare mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear DNA

A

Nuclear DNA is in the form of very long strands that are bound to proteins, the histones
Mitochondrial DNA is in the form of small circular molecules that are not bound to proteins

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11
Q

Define DNA replication

A

The process of producing an identical copy of DNA

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12
Q

What occurs in the first stage of DNA replication?

A

The first stage is when the two strands of the DNA molecules are separated by the enzyme helicase breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

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13
Q

What nitrogenous bases pair with each other?

A

Adenine and Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine
(think of At The Gold Coast)

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14
Q

What happens after the DNA strand has been separated?

A

Primase primes both strands so DNA polymerase knows where to start building the complementary bases

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15
Q

What purpose does polymerase have in DNA replication?

A

It starts building complementary bases on both strands reading from a 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’ of the strand.

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16
Q

How do Okazaki fragments occur in DNA replication?

A

DNA Polymerase naturally reads from a 5’ to 3’ strand so when it reads from a 3’ to 5’ strand, it leaves gaps and creates Okazaki fragments

17
Q

How are the gaps between Okazaki fragments filled in?

A

By the enzyme ligase

18
Q

Define protein synthesis

A

It is the process of creating proteins

19
Q

What are the two process in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

20
Q

Compare RNA and DNA

A

DNA: Deoxyribose sugar
RNA: Ribose sugar
DNA: Double stranded
RNA: Single stranded
DNA: Bases are adenine guanine, thymine and cytosine
RNA: Bases are adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine

21
Q

What are the 3 types or RNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

22
Q

Define transcription

A

The process which mRNA is formed using the code in a DNA molecule

23
Q

What happens in the first stage of transcription?

A

The helicase enzyme separates the DNA strand into two (usually about 17 base pairs at a time).

24
Q

What happens after the DNA strand has been separated in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase transcribes the bases on one strand of the DNA to make a complementary molecule of mRNA

25
Q

What happens after mRNA has been created in transcription?

A

It exist the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm for the next phase, translation.

26
Q

Define translation

A

It is the production of proteins using the information coded in the mRNA

27
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm on ribosomes.

28
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

It starts when the mRNA has been sent to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. At the start of the mRNA it has a start codon so the ribosomes knows where to start. tRNA, which has three bases that codes for a specific protein (called an anticodon) looks for a codon (three sequenced bases on the mRNA), to connect to make a protein

29
Q

Define gene expression

A

The process where information in a gene is used to make a product

30
Q

Define epigenetics

A

The process of altering expression of a gene without changing the structure of the gene

31
Q

Does acetylation inhibit or express gene expression

A

Expresses

32
Q

Does methylation inhibit or express gene expression

A

Inhibits

Human Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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