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Human Biology Unit 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four phases that occur in the cell cycle?

A

-G1 Phase or First growth phase
-S phase, or synthesis phase (DNA replication)
-G2 Phase, or Second growth phase
-M Phase, mitotic phase: (cell divides into two daughter cells)

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2
Q

Why does cell division need to occur?

A

To replace old, dead or damaged cells.
Organisms also need cells to reproduce so they could grow

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3
Q

Define mitosis

A

It is the process which a parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells and each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell.

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4
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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5
Q

What does mitosis ensure the daughter cells receive?

A

Mitosis ensure that the daughter cells contain the exact same genetic information of the parent cell

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6
Q

What occurs in interphase and when?

A

-It occurs between mitotic divisions
-Interphase is when the cell undergoes a period of growth and the DNA duplicates to pass it on to the cells

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7
Q

What happens in prophase in mitosis?

A

-1st stage
-Two pairs of spindle fibres become visible and they move to opposite poles of the cell.
-The chromosomes condense and thicken
-Nuclear membrane membrane has disappeared

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8
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

-2nd stage
-The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
-Nucleus disassembles
-Spindle fibres attach themselves to the chromosomes

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9
Q

What happens in anaphase in mitosis?

A

-3rd stage
-Chromosomes are separated by the spindle fibres into chromatid
-The spindle fibres pull the chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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10
Q

What happens in telophase in mitosis?

A

-Spindle fibres disappear
-Nuclei forms around both groups of chromatids
-Cytokinesis occurs; the cell separates and creates two identical daughter cells

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11
Q

Define stem cells

A

Stem cells are cells that have the ability to produce different types of body cells.

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12
Q

Define totipotent stem cells and give an example

A

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into any cell e.g. embryonic tissue

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13
Q

Define pluripotent stem cells and give an example

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into most cells e.g. muscle cells

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14
Q

Define multipotent stem cells and give an example

A

Stem cells that are limited to what cells they can differentiate into e.g. blood cells

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15
Q

Define meiosis

A

A type of cell division resulting in gametes

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16
Q

Does mitosis create haploid or diploid cells?

A

Diploid

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17
Q

Does meiosis create haploid or diploid cells?

A

Haploid

18
Q

What happens in interphase in meiosis?

A

-It occurs between mitotic divisions
-Interphase is when the cell undergoes a period of growth and the DNA duplicates to pass it on to the cells

19
Q

What occurs in the first division of meiosis?

A

The homologous paris separate and two daughter cells form with 23 chromosomes, each with two chromatid

20
Q

What occurs in the second division of meiosis?

A

The chromatid separate, resulting in four daughter cells with 23 chromosomes, each with one chromatid

21
Q

What happens in prophase I in meiosis?

A

-Chromosomes condense and thicken and they form homologous paris and this is where cross-over occurs leading to variation
-Spindle fibres are present
-Nuclear membrane breaks down

22
Q

What happens in metaphase I in meiosis?

A

-The homologous paris of chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
-Spindle fibres attach themselves to the chromosomes

23
Q

What happens in anaphase I in meiosis?

A

-Spindle fibres separates the homologous pairs to opposite poles of the cell

24
Q

What happens in telophase I in meiosis?

A

-Nuclei membranes form
-Cell separates into non-identical cells; cytokinesis

25
Q

What happens in prophase II in meiosis?

A

-Spindle fibres form
-Nuclear membrane breaks down

26
Q

What happens in metaphase II in meiosis?

A

-Chromosomes line up in a single file line at the equator of the cell
-Spindle fibres attach themselves to the chromosomes

27
Q

What happens in anaphase II in meiosis?

A

-Spindle fibres separate chromosomes into chromatids and pull them to opposite poles of the cell

28
Q

What happens in telophase II in meiosis?

A

-Nuclei forms around the two groups of chromatids
-Cytokinesis; cell separates the 2 cells into 4 unidentical cells with each with a haploid number of chromosomes

29
Q

Define variation

A

The process of being able to produce daughter cells that vary in their genetic information

30
Q

What is variation a result of?

A

-Crossing over
-Non disjunction
-Random (or independent) assortment

31
Q

When and what happens in crossing over?

A

-Occurs in prophase I
-When the homologous chromosomes are paired, the chromatid may cross, break and exchange segments

32
Q

What is it called when crossing over occur and it is at the point where two chromatid cross?

A

Chiasma

33
Q

What does crossing over result in?

A

New combinations of alleles

34
Q

When and what happens in non-disjunction

A

-In anaphase I or II
-Sometimes one or more chromosomes pairs fails to separate which leads to non-disjunction.
-The result is one of the daughter cells receiving an extra chromosome and the other daughter cell lacking that chromosome

35
Q

Define trisomy

A

A condition in which an individual inherits an extra copy of a chromosome (3 instead of 2)
-One chromosomal defect is down syndrome, or trisomy 21

36
Q

Define monosomy

A

When an individual is missing a chromosome (1 instead of 2)

37
Q

Define cancer

A

The uncontrollable growth of cells in an area

38
Q

Define cervical cancer and how to detect it

A

-Caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), which is transmitted by genital contact during intercourse
-In most cases it clears up naturally in about 8-1 months
-A simple test for cervical cancer is the pap test (or Cervical screening Test). It tests for abnormalities

39
Q

Define breast cancer and how to detect it?

A

-Cancer found in the breasts of females
-Mammography, an X-ray of the breasts, can detect tumours in the breast

40
Q

Define bowel cancer and how to detect it?

A

-Cancer that develops in the large intestine
-A simple test called faecal occult blood test (FOBT) can detect if there is blood in your faeces which may be caused by bowel cancer

41
Q

Define prostate cancer and how to detect it?

A

-Cancer found in the prostate.
-Can be detected either by digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test or a biopsy.

Human Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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