Chapter 11 Pt1

Question 1

Define gonad

Answer 1

The primary sex organs

Question 2

What are the gonads of males?

Answer 2

The testes

Question 3

What is produced in the testes?

Answer 3

Spermatozoa (or sperm)

Question 4

Define the function of the scrotum

Answer 4

A skin-covered pouch that holds and supports the testes

Question 5

The scrotum is divided into how many sac internally?

Answer 5

Divided internally into two sacs, each containing a single testis

Question 6

What temperature does the production and development of spermatozoa require

Answer 6

2° lower than the normal body temperature

Question 7

What is the reasoning that the testes lie in the scrotum, outside the body cavity?

Answer 7

To reach 2°lower than the body temp

Question 8

What is the purpose of muscle fibres in the wall of the scrotum contracting and relaxing?

Answer 8

-To regulate the temperature of the testes
-Contract: brings testes closer
-Relax: Brings testes further

Question 9

Each testis is dividing into what?

Answer 9

Lobules

Question 10

What are lobules filled with?

Answer 10

seminiferous tubules

Question 11

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 11

They are lined with cells that produce the male gametes (spermatozoa)

Question 12

Where does the spermatozoa travel after being produced?

Answer 12

They eventually join ducts, which leave the testis and enter the epididymis

Question 13

What is found between the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 13

Clusters of interstitial cells

Question 14

What do the spermatozoa do in the epididymis after being produced?

Answer 14

They are stored for up to a month to mature

Question 15

Define the female gonad

Answer 15

Ovaries

Question 16

What do the ovaries produced?

Answer 16

The female gamete, the ova (or eggs)

Question 17

What are germ cells and where are they found?

Answer 17

-Germ cells are cells that are found in the ovaries that are able to develop into ova

Question 18

Each germ cells is enclosed with what?

Answer 18

A follicle

Question 19

What happens in the ovaries when a follicle matures?

Answer 19

The follicle moves to the surface of the ovary and ruptures

Question 20

Function of fallopian tube

Answer 20

When the ova is expelled out of the ovary, it travels from the ovary to the uterus via the fallopian tube

Question 21

Define fimbriae and the function of it

Answer 21

Finger-like projections of the uterine tube that help to guide the ova into the fallopian tube

Question 22

The lining of the fallopian tube contains what?

Answer 22

Cilia which helps the movement of the ova from the tube towards the uterus

Question 23

Apart from cilia, what also aids the movement of the ova from the ovary to the uterus?

Answer 23

Contractions of smooth muscles in the wall of the uterine helps the movement of the ova.

Question 24

What are the walls of the uterus made of?

Answer 24

They consist of smooth muscles, which a soft mucus membrane lining called the endometrium

Question 25

Where is the cervix located?

Answer 25

It is the neck of the uterus, leading to the vagina.

Question 26

Define gametogenesis

Answer 26

It is the process of gamete development

Question 27

What are the two types of gametogenesis?

Answer 27

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Question 28

Define oogenesis

Answer 28

The formation of ova

Question 29

Define spermatogenesis

Answer 29

The formation of sperm

Question 30

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Answer 30

Inside the seminiferous tubules of each testis

Question 31

What is the result of spermatogenesis?

Answer 31

4 spermatozoa from each spermatogonium

Question 32

How long does spermatozoa occurs and when does it occur?

Answer 32

The process takes roughly 72 days and it occurs continuously after puberty

Question 33

Where does oogenesis occur?

Answer 33

In the ovaries

Question 34

When does oogonia form primary oocytes?

Answer 34

Prior to birth

Question 35

In oogenesis, what happens after puberty?

Answer 35

Each primary oocyte completes its development to form a secondary oocyte and up to three polar bodies

Question 36

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

Answer 36

-Production of spermatozoa
-Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
-Starts with spermatogonium (2n/diploid) that is located near the outer membrane of the seminiferous tubules.
-It goes through mitosis; one daughter cells stays back to produced more in the future whereas the other daughter cells proceeds spermatogenesis by moving away from the outer membrane
-Then it goes through a period of growth and it differentiates into a primary spermatocyte.
-Then goes through meiosis
-First meiotic division produced two haploid (n) secondary spermatocytes.
-Second meiotic division, produces 4 haploid (n) spermatids.
-Then spermatids goes through a period of maturation which includes the development of the acrosome and flagellum, condensation of the nucleus and shedding of the excess cytoplasm.
-One spermatids have mature it produced 4 un-identical haploid spermatozoa

Question 37

Describe the process of oogenesis

Answer 37

-Production of mature ovum
-Occurs in ovaries
-Starts with a diploid oogonium that is present during birth
-These oogonia under goes mitosis to form primary oocytes which then begin meiosis I BUT is stopped at prophase I until puberty
-After puberty, each menstrual cycle stimulates some primary oocytes to resume meiosis I, which results in the formation of a haploid secondary oocyte and a first polar body.
-The secondary oocyte contains most of the cytoplasm compared to the polar body
-Polar bodies typically wont divide further
-The secondary oocyte undergoes mitosis II and only complete if fertilisation occurs
- If fertilisation occurs the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, forming an ootid and that matures into a mature ovum.