chapter 9 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is lifespan development?
- Physical development – growth and changes in the body and
brain, senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. - Cognitive development – learning, attention, memory, language,
thinking, reasoning and creativity. - Psychosocial development – emotions, personality and social
relationships.
How to study development?
Continuous development –
views development as a
cumulative process, gradually
improving on existing skills.
Discontinuous development –
views development as occurring
in unique stages (specific times
or ages).
Nature AND Nurture
What are the five different stages of development?
PRENATAL
INFANCY THROUGH CHILDHOOD
ADOLESCENCE
EMERGING ADULTHOOD
ADULTHOOD
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
Germinal stage (period of zygote)
Embryotic stage (period of embryo)
Fetal stage (period of fetus)
What are the different development patterns?
-Cephalocaudal (head to tail)
-Proximo-distal (from the center-out - torso grows fist and then limbs)
-Mass to specific
What happens during the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8 weeks)?
-Fast paced; all major organs constructed
* circulatory system forms and
heartbeats
* neural tube forms:
differentiates into brain and spinal cord
* arm buds form
* leg buds appear; feet, elbows,
wrists, and fingers begin to appear
* By week 8, the embryo is 1.5 inches long
* Internal organs are in place
What is the neural tube?
Eventually forms the brain and spinal cord (main parts of CNS)
What happens during the fetal stage?
myelination begins in
* Spinal cord
* Brainstem
* Cerebellum
* Subcortical structures
What are some sexual differences noticed at week 12?
penis or clitoris
Define teratogens.
Substances that may cross placenta to harm developing embryo or fetus. (e.g. alcohol)
What are the critical/sensitive periods?
Time during which a developing fetus is exposed to alcohol can dramatically affect the appearance of facial characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
Give examples of threats to the development of the child.
-Thalidomide
-Fetal Alcohol syndrome
-Zika
What is the project ice storm?
-weeks without power
-pregnant women under a lot of stress
-study high cases of autistic children born from that area in time
Define infancy.
Stage of development that begins at birth and lasts
between 18 and 24 months
* Newborns have poor sight, but habituate to visual stimuli.
* Newborns can mimic facial expressions within the first hour of life.
* Newborns must strengthen their muscles and work on motor
development.
Name some infancy and childhood reflexes.
-Rooting
-Sucking
-Grasping
-Moro
-Babinski
Describe the two understandings of motor development in infants.
-Traditional view (normative view): done in particular order, old-school perspective (e.g., sit, crawl, walk)
-Contemporary researchers: as long as there is movement it is okay (e.g., belly-crawling,
scooting)
muscles are getting stronger and the brain is promoting this!!!
Describe the brain’s several intricate processes that help shape its structure and function over time.
- The expanding brain
- Cerebral cortex (cognitive advancements)
- Neurogenesis (creation new neurons)
- Dendrites (creation new dendrites=new connections=learning)
- Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses, the connections between neurons)
- Myelination (speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses between neurons=more connections made efficiently and fast)
- Neural pruning and brain plasticity (eliminating weaker or less-used connections, helping to streamline brain function and make the brain more efficient)
Define some childhood changes.
- Brain growth spurts between
the ages of 6-8 & 10-12 - Continued myelination
- Strengthened connection
between the limbic system (emotional) and
frontal (rationalize) lobes - Socialization and frontal lobe
development
Define adolescence (key concepts that happen during this time).
Adolescence: Period of development that begins with the onset
of sexual maturity (about 11-14 years of age) and lasts until the
beginning of adulthood (about 18-21 years of age)
Define puberty as well as primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Puberty: Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
* Primary sex characteristics: Bodily structures that are directly involved
in reproduction (examples:: men-growth of the testes and the production of sperm and woman-maturation of the ovaries+menstruation)
* Secondary sex characteristics: Bodily structures that change
dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in
reproduction (men-Facial hair growth, a deepening voice, and increased muscle mass and woman-development of breasts, widening of hips, and body fat redistribution)
not directly tied to reproduction!
What is the HPG?
The HPG (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal) Axis is a system of hormone interactions that plays a crucial role in regulating puberty, sexual development, and reproductive function.
What to the GnRH
LH & FSH, Estrogen &
testosterone have to do with all of this?
GnRH: Produced by the hypothalamus, it initiates the hormonal cascade by stimulating the pituitary gland.
LH & FSH: Produced by the pituitary gland, these hormones stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones.
Estrogen & Testosterone: Produced by the gonads, these hormones regulate the development of secondary sex characteristics and are essential for reproductive function.
Name the four theories of development.
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
COGNITIVE THEORY
THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
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