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chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lifespan development?

A
  1. Physical development – growth and changes in the body and
    brain, senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
  2. Cognitive development – learning, attention, memory, language,
    thinking, reasoning and creativity.
  3. Psychosocial development – emotions, personality and social
    relationships.
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2
Q

How to study development?

A

Continuous development –
views development as a
cumulative process, gradually
improving on existing skills.
Discontinuous development –
views development as occurring
in unique stages (specific times
or ages).
Nature AND Nurture

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3
Q

What are the five different stages of development?

A

PRENATAL
INFANCY THROUGH CHILDHOOD
ADOLESCENCE
EMERGING ADULTHOOD
ADULTHOOD

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4
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal stage (period of zygote)
Embryotic stage (period of embryo)
Fetal stage (period of fetus)

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5
Q

What are the different development patterns?

A

-Cephalocaudal (head to tail)
-Proximo-distal (from the center-out - torso grows fist and then limbs)
-Mass to specific

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6
Q

What happens during the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8 weeks)?

A

-Fast paced; all major organs constructed
* circulatory system forms and
heartbeats
* neural tube forms:
differentiates into brain and spinal cord
* arm buds form
* leg buds appear; feet, elbows,
wrists, and fingers begin to appear
* By week 8, the embryo is 1.5 inches long
* Internal organs are in place

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7
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

Eventually forms the brain and spinal cord (main parts of CNS)

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8
Q

What happens during the fetal stage?

A

myelination begins in
* Spinal cord
* Brainstem
* Cerebellum
* Subcortical structures

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9
Q

What are some sexual differences noticed at week 12?

A

penis or clitoris

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10
Q

Define teratogens.

A

Substances that may cross placenta to harm developing embryo or fetus. (e.g. alcohol)

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11
Q

What are the critical/sensitive periods?

A

Time during which a developing fetus is exposed to alcohol can dramatically affect the appearance of facial characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome

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12
Q

Give examples of threats to the development of the child.

A

-Thalidomide
-Fetal Alcohol syndrome
-Zika

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13
Q

What is the project ice storm?

A

-weeks without power
-pregnant women under a lot of stress
-study high cases of autistic children born from that area in time

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14
Q

Define infancy.

A

Stage of development that begins at birth and lasts
between 18 and 24 months
* Newborns have poor sight, but habituate to visual stimuli.
* Newborns can mimic facial expressions within the first hour of life.
* Newborns must strengthen their muscles and work on motor
development.

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15
Q

Name some infancy and childhood reflexes.

A

-Rooting
-Sucking
-Grasping
-Moro
-Babinski

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16
Q

Describe the two understandings of motor development in infants.

A

-Traditional view (normative view): done in particular order, old-school perspective (e.g., sit, crawl, walk)

-Contemporary researchers: as long as there is movement it is okay (e.g., belly-crawling,
scooting)

muscles are getting stronger and the brain is promoting this!!!

17
Q

Describe the brain’s several intricate processes that help shape its structure and function over time.

A
  • The expanding brain
  • Cerebral cortex (cognitive advancements)
  • Neurogenesis (creation new neurons)
  • Dendrites (creation new dendrites=new connections=learning)
  • Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses, the connections between neurons)
  • Myelination (speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses between neurons=more connections made efficiently and fast)
  • Neural pruning and brain plasticity (eliminating weaker or less-used connections, helping to streamline brain function and make the brain more efficient)
18
Q

Define some childhood changes.

A
  • Brain growth spurts between
    the ages of 6-8 & 10-12
  • Continued myelination
  • Strengthened connection
    between the limbic system (emotional) and
    frontal (rationalize) lobes
  • Socialization and frontal lobe
    development
19
Q

Define adolescence (key concepts that happen during this time).

A

Adolescence: Period of development that begins with the onset
of sexual maturity (about 11-14 years of age) and lasts until the
beginning of adulthood (about 18-21 years of age)

20
Q

Define puberty as well as primary and secondary sex characteristics.

A

Puberty: Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
* Primary sex characteristics: Bodily structures that are directly involved
in reproduction (examples:: men-growth of the testes and the production of sperm and woman-maturation of the ovaries+menstruation)
* Secondary sex characteristics: Bodily structures that change
dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in
reproduction (men-Facial hair growth, a deepening voice, and increased muscle mass and woman-development of breasts, widening of hips, and body fat redistribution)
not directly tied to reproduction!

21
Q

What is the HPG?

A

The HPG (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal) Axis is a system of hormone interactions that plays a crucial role in regulating puberty, sexual development, and reproductive function.

22
Q

What to the GnRH
LH & FSH, Estrogen &
testosterone have to do with all of this?

A

GnRH: Produced by the hypothalamus, it initiates the hormonal cascade by stimulating the pituitary gland.

LH & FSH: Produced by the pituitary gland, these hormones stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones.

Estrogen & Testosterone: Produced by the gonads, these hormones regulate the development of secondary sex characteristics and are essential for reproductive function.

23
Q

Name the four theories of development.

A

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
COGNITIVE THEORY
THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

24
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

slide 22

25
Q

What is Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A
  • Focused on children’s cognitive growth and theorized that
    cognitive abilities develop through specific stages.
  • Piaget believed children develop schemata (or schemas -
    concepts used to categorize and interpret information) to help
    them understand the world.
  • When children learn new information they adjust their schemata
    through assimilation and accommodation.
26
Q

Define schema, assimilation and accomodation.

A

Schema: framework for organizing information.

Assimilation: fitting the new information into an existing
schema (keep the same schema).

Accommodation: altering one’s pre-existing schemas in
order to fit in the new information (change the schema).

27
Q

Where do all the babies get their information from?

A

With their hands and their mouth! (sensorimotor)

28
Q

What do newborns see?

A

What do newborns see?
* Preferential-looking paradigm and
habituation techniques
* Child looks at monitor until they
habituate (get bored)
* Show them a different image and
see if it captures their attention
* OR show two different images
and see which one they prefer
26
Newborns have visual acuity of about 20/400.
Even so, newborns can make sense of human
faces, a concept known as face perception.

29
Q

Define object permanence.

A

Idea that objects continue to exist even when
they are not visible
* Piaget suggested this occurs by 8 months (little-scientist stage) but
current research suggest it begins much earlier (e.g. peek-a-boo: when babies don’t see you, they believe you do not exist)

30
Q

What is an example of object permanence?

A

The impossible event.
Habituation, possible event, impossible event.

31
Q

Talk about Baillargeons’ experiment.

A
  • Very young children understand objects and how they work long before they have experience with those
    objects.
  • In Baillargeon’s study, infants observed a truck (a) roll down an unobstructed track, (b) roll down an
    unobstructed track with an obstruction (box) beside it, and (c) roll down and pass through what appeared to be
    an obstruction.
  • Infants spent more time looking at (c) suggesting that they knew solid objects cannot pass through each other.

psych 200 (8 decks)

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