chapter 10 Flashcards
Define motivation
Purpose or goal of an action=biological and psychological
What are the different types of motivation?
intrinsic vs extrinsic
Define delayed gratification, threats of punishment and overjustification effect.
Delaying gratification is something our species does well (in comparison to other species).
Threats or punishments can make the prohibited behaviour more appealing.
Overjustification effect – intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.
What is the conceptualization of motivation? (mention instinct, drive and homeostasis)
William James called the natural tendency (innate) to seek a
particular goal an instinct.
* Drive: Internal state generated by departures from physiological
optimality
* Homeostasis: Tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a
particular state
What is the arousal theory of motivation?
- There is an optimal level of
arousal that we all try to
maintain. - Under aroused →Become
bored, seek stimulation. - Over aroused → Engage in
behaviors to reduce arousal.
What are Yerkes and Dodson’s take on the theory of motivation and their law.
Yerkes and Dodson (1908)
* The optimal arousal level
depends on the complexity and
difficulty of the task to be
performed.
Yerkes-Dodson Law – task
performance is best when arousal
levels are in a middle range, with
difficult tasks best performed
under lower levels of arousal and
simple tasks best performed under
higher levels of arousal.
Define self-efficacy.
- Self-efficacy (Bandura) – an
individual’s belief in her own
capability to complete a task. - Plays a role in motivating
behavior. - Motivation comes from
expectations held about the
consequences of behaviors. - Beliefs about our abilities will
determine what we do and
goals we set for ourselves.
Define basic motivations.
- We are motivated to eat to convert food to energy.
- Hunger signals (orexigenic, anorexigenic) are sent to and from the brain.
- The hypothalamus is specifically involved in hunger.
Describe physiological mechanisms before eating
- Empty stomach → stomach contracts → hunger pangs and secretion of chemical messages (ghrelin)
that travel to the brain as a signal to initiation feeding behavior. - Low blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver generate chemical signals that induce hunger to initiate
feeding behavior.
Describe physiological mechanisms after eating
- Empty stomach → stomach contracts → hunger pangs and secretion of chemical messages (ghrelin)
that travel to the brain as a signal to initiation feeding behavior. - Low blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver generate chemical signals that induce hunger to initiate
feeding behavior.
How does hunger sariety and the hypothalamus connect
What are the three social motives and describe each.
- Need for achievement – drives
accomplishment and performance. - Need for affiliation – encourages
positive interactions with others. - Need for intimacy – causes us to
seek deep, meaningful
relationships.
Define Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
slide 14
When do higher needs matter?
Define emotion
Positive or negative experience that is associated with a
particular pattern of physiological activity
* Measured through multidimensional scaling
* Two dimensions of arousal and valence
Describe the two dimensions of emotion
slide 18
Describe James-Lange’s theory of emotion
Stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which in
turn produces an emotional experience in the brain
Describe Cannon-Bard’s theory of emotion
Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in
the ANS and emotional experience in the brain
Define facial feedback hypothesis
Describe schachter-singer two factor theory of emotion
Emotions are inferences
about the causes of physiological arousal
Define lazarus’ cognitive-mediational theory
Emotions are inferences
about the causes of physiological arousal
What is the problem with the two-factor model?
Anger, fear, and sadness all produce higher heart rates compared to happiness, surprise and disgust a. anger produces a much larger increase in finer temperature than any other emotion.
Describe the alternate theory: fast and slow pathways of fear
- Information about a stimulus
takes two routes
simultaneously: the “fast
pathway” (shown in pink),
which goes from the thalamus
directly to the amygdala, and
the “slow pathway” (shown in
green), which goes from the
thalamus to the cortex.
Talk about amygdala and apraisal
- The amygdala plays an important role in emotion; threat detector
- Appraisal: Evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
What is the cultural display rule?
- Cultural display rule – culturally specific standards that govern
the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are
acceptable. - Despite varying cultural display rules, recognition and production
of facial expressions of certain emotions are universal.
What are the seven universal facial expressions of emotion?
Happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt and anger.
