chapter 10

Question 1

Define motivation

Answer 1

Purpose or goal of an action=biological and psychological

Question 2

What are the different types of motivation?

Answer 2

intrinsic vs extrinsic

Question 3

Define delayed gratification, threats of punishment and overjustification effect.

Answer 3

Delaying gratification is something our species does well (in comparison to other species).
Threats or punishments can make the prohibited behaviour more appealing.
Overjustification effect – intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.

Question 4

What is the conceptualization of motivation? (mention instinct, drive and homeostasis)

Answer 4

William James called the natural tendency (innate) to seek a
particular goal an instinct.
* Drive: Internal state generated by departures from physiological
optimality
* Homeostasis: Tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a
particular state

Question 5

What is the arousal theory of motivation?

Answer 5

• There is an optimal level of
  arousal that we all try to
  maintain.
• Under aroused →Become
  bored, seek stimulation.
• Over aroused → Engage in
  behaviors to reduce arousal.

Question 6

What are Yerkes and Dodson’s take on the theory of motivation and their law.

Answer 6

Yerkes and Dodson (1908)
* The optimal arousal level
depends on the complexity and
difficulty of the task to be
performed.
Yerkes-Dodson Law – task
performance is best when arousal
levels are in a middle range, with
difficult tasks best performed
under lower levels of arousal and
simple tasks best performed under
higher levels of arousal.

Question 7

Define self-efficacy.

Answer 7

• Self-efficacy (Bandura) – an
  individual’s belief in her own
  capability to complete a task.
• Plays a role in motivating
  behavior.
• Motivation comes from
  expectations held about the
  consequences of behaviors.
• Beliefs about our abilities will
  determine what we do and
  goals we set for ourselves.

Question 8

Define basic motivations.

Answer 8

• We are motivated to eat to convert food to energy.
• Hunger signals (orexigenic, anorexigenic) are sent to and from the brain.
• The hypothalamus is specifically involved in hunger.

Question 9

Describe physiological mechanisms before eating

Answer 9

1. Empty stomach → stomach contracts → hunger pangs and secretion of chemical messages (ghrelin)
   that travel to the brain as a signal to initiation feeding behavior.
2. Low blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver generate chemical signals that induce hunger to initiate
   feeding behavior.

Question 10

Describe physiological mechanisms after eating

Answer 10

1. Empty stomach → stomach contracts → hunger pangs and secretion of chemical messages (ghrelin)
   that travel to the brain as a signal to initiation feeding behavior.
2. Low blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver generate chemical signals that induce hunger to initiate
   feeding behavior.

Question 11

How does hunger sariety and the hypothalamus connect

Question 12

What are the three social motives and describe each.

Answer 12

• Need for achievement – drives
  accomplishment and performance.
• Need for affiliation – encourages
  positive interactions with others.
• Need for intimacy – causes us to
  seek deep, meaningful
  relationships.

Question 13

Define Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

slide 14

Question 14

When do higher needs matter?

Question 15

Define emotion

Answer 15

Positive or negative experience that is associated with a
particular pattern of physiological activity
* Measured through multidimensional scaling
* Two dimensions of arousal and valence

Question 16

Describe the two dimensions of emotion

Answer 16

slide 18

Question 17

Describe James-Lange’s theory of emotion

Answer 17

Stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which in
turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

Question 18

Describe Cannon-Bard’s theory of emotion

Answer 18

Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in
the ANS and emotional experience in the brain

Question 19

Define facial feedback hypothesis

Question 20

Describe schachter-singer two factor theory of emotion

Answer 20

Emotions are inferences
about the causes of physiological arousal

Question 21

Define lazarus’ cognitive-mediational theory

Answer 21

Emotions are inferences
about the causes of physiological arousal

Question 22

What is the problem with the two-factor model?

Answer 22

Anger, fear, and sadness all produce higher heart rates compared to happiness, surprise and disgust a. anger produces a much larger increase in finer temperature than any other emotion.

Question 23

Describe the alternate theory: fast and slow pathways of fear

Answer 23

• Information about a stimulus
  takes two routes
  simultaneously: the “fast
  pathway” (shown in pink),
  which goes from the thalamus
  directly to the amygdala, and
  the “slow pathway” (shown in
  green), which goes from the
  thalamus to the cortex.

Question 24

Talk about amygdala and apraisal

Answer 24

• The amygdala plays an important role in emotion; threat detector
• Appraisal: Evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

Question 25

What is the cultural display rule?

Answer 25

• Cultural display rule – culturally specific standards that govern
  the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are
  acceptable.
• Despite varying cultural display rules, recognition and production
  of facial expressions of certain emotions are universal.

Question 26

What are the seven universal facial expressions of emotion?

Answer 26

Happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt and anger.