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PSY 120 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Francis Galton?
What did he discover?

A

He felt that intelligence can be defined and measured.
Referred to this study of measuring intelligence as anthropometrics.
One of the main conclusions that he came to was that intelligence was something that was genetic - ran in families.

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2
Q

What was the problem with how Francis Galton measured intelligence?

A

He defined intelligence by success in many endeavors

Believed that intelligence was passed down through families, but he never really defined what he meant by intelligence and he never went about studying it in a systematic way.

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3
Q

How did Alfred Binet define intelligence?

A

Defined intelligence as the ability to think, understand, reason, and adapt to changes

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4
Q

What was the goal of Alfred Binet?

A

Goal was to take the definition and apply it to academic settings
- Give a test to indicate level of intelligence
Overall goal: identify students who performed significantly lower (for special education)

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5
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test?

A

Test that measures a person’s mental age compared to others within the same age group.
Allows a person’s intelligence level to be compared to the intelligence of the rest of their peers.
* provides IQ - intelligence quotient
* is standardized

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6
Q

What is the mean IQ?

A

100

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7
Q

What is Spearman’s G-factor?

What abilities/factors were evaluated?

A

it examined correlations among intelligence test items using a statistical method of factor analysis

  • included math ability, writing ability, problem-solving, and drawing/artisitic ability
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8
Q

Spearman found that most intelligence test items tended to cluster as one factor - what was this?

A

general intelligence (G)

so he defined intelligence by this one summary statistic

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9
Q

What is one of the biggest criticisms of the Stanford-Binet test?

A

One of the biggest criticisms of intelligence tests like Stanford-Binet is that they are highly dependent on verbal ability.

Ex. a person who has a reading disability or whose first language is not English - those kinds of people would score lower on an IQ test like Stanford-Binet, simply because those language-related abilities are not strong enough - doesn’t have to do with their actual intelligence, but much more with how they struggle with the language.

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10
Q

What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
What are its advantages?

A

An intelligence test
- Takes into account + includes different performance scores other than verbal
○ Ex. logical reasoning scores, spatial reasoning scores
- Other advantage is that it is still a standardized test that can be given across different situations
- Valid across languages and cultures

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11
Q

What does “savants” mean?

A

A person with Savant-like ability - these people generally have impaired intellectual ability in most areas but show exceptional ability in others

Ex. may be considered cognitively impaired by most intelligence tests, he has an extraordinary ability to draw city-scapes simply from memory.

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12
Q

What is the problem with IQ tests?

A

Problem with IQ tests is their definition of what it means to be intelligent.

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13
Q

What are Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?

A

Views each type of intelligence more as like a talent or an ability

  • Ex. can be musically gifted, coordinated or athletically gifted, people-smart, etc.
  • By having multiple intelligences, people can be smart in one type of intelligence more-so than another
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14
Q

What is the problem with Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?

A

It is not easily tested. It does not have a lot of empirical support - theory that has yet to be thoroughly tested.

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15
Q

What is Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?

What types of intelligence did he include?

A
  • Based on idea that intelligence is not just measured by academic performance alone (different kinds of intelligence)

○ Analytical intelligence - ability to complete academic problem-solving tasks (ex. in traditional IQ tests)
- Book-smart

○ Creative intelligence - able to successfully deal with new and unusual situations; can draw on past experience and knowledge to solve new and unusual problems
- High creative intelligence - would be highly individualistic (would be their own person and see things in their own idiosyncratic ways)
- Probably wouldn’t do as well in traditional IQ tests

○ Practical intelligence
- Can solve problems in many different settings - can analyze the problem and come up with a solution
- Can adapt to different situations
- He referred to this as street-smart

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16
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Fluid intelligence refers to a person’s ability to think on their feet, in the moment.
(ex. escape room)

  • takes in a person’s attention span as well
  • People who have a hard time paying attention to things in the moment tend to score low in tests of fluid intelligence.
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17
Q

What happens to fluid intelligence with age?

A

fluid intelligence decreases with age

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18
Q

What tests often tap into fluid intelligence?

A

LSAT or GRE are examples of tests that require fluid intelligence

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19
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Knowledge that a person has accumulated through their lifetime
- What they already know, that they can draw upon later

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20
Q

Crystallized intelligence can also be thought as what type of memory?

A

semantic memory

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21
Q

What happens to crystallized intelligence with age?

A

Crystallized intelligence increases with age.

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22
Q

Is intelligence correlated with a person’s genetic makeup?

A

Intelligence is highly correlated with a person’s genetic makeup.

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23
Q

What is the gold-standard of studying genetic influence of a trait or ability?

A

Using twin studies, because they have the same genetic makeup.

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24
Q

Is IQ dependent on genetics?

A

Identical twins that are raised in different environments still show a high level of correlation on their IQ scores.
- Intelligence, at least as measured as an IQ score, is highly dependent on genetics.
○ Source of genetic influence is not really known (personality factors, attentional factors, etc.). There are environmental factors that can affect the outcome of that though.

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25
Q

What environmental factors can affect the outcome of genetic influence on IQ?

A

Prenatal birth weight
Income level
Social class
Family stability

  • can impact a child from reaching their true intelligence potential
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26
Q

How does prenatal birth weight impact IQ?

A

Things can occur prenatally when baby is inside the womb.
- Babies born with a low birth weight tend to have lower IQ scores later in life.

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27
Q

Language systems include what 3 properties?

A

Symbolic - means it can be broken down into individual symbols (can be letter of alphabet, individual sounds of language / phonemes)

Generative - means that from a limited number of symbols (ex. letters from alphabet) - there is an unlimited amount of ideas that can be conveyed through the language

Structured - means that it follows rules; ex. letters combined in certain ways; rules of order for words in a sentence for proper understanding
(all members who speak the language have to follow the same rules)

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28
Q

What separates human language from other kinds of animal communication systems?

A

The criteria that go into defining what a language is.

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29
Q

What are phonemes?

A

the individual sounds of a language - all the sounds made within a particular language

Include all the different letter sounds
In English, phonemes also include the common letter combinations used (ex. Ch in chalk, or Th in think).

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30
Q

About how many phonemes are there in the English language?

A

about 40 phonemes

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31
Q

Individual phonemes that a person produces are determined by what?

A

Individual phonemes that a person produces are determined by the movement of different parts of the vocal tract - articulators. (movements of the articulators)

How we articulate the sound we are trying to make.

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32
Q

What is the most complex motor activity that humans do?

A

speech production

33
Q

Does any animal have as much control over their vocal tract as humans do?

A

No

34
Q

The way we produce different phonemes is based on what?

A

The way we produce different phonemes is based on the movement of the articulators

35
Q

What are examples of the articulators?

A

Examples of articulators: lips, tongue, teeth
- Subtly placing and moving these articulators in different parts of vocal tract to produce precise sounds

36
Q

What does “place of articulation” refer to?

A

the part of vocal tract that the sound it emitted (ex. may be front of mouth like “p” or “h” sound produced in throat)
- WHERE

37
Q

What does the “manner of articulation” refer to?

A

how you are producing this sound (ex. to produce “p” sound, we use the lips)
- HOW

38
Q

What are pragmatics?

A
  • The unwritten rules of language
  • Based on idea of common ground, which refers to the fact that these are rules that everyone knows (everyone understands what the pragmatics of a language are - even if not explicitly told)
39
Q

What are examples of pragmatics?

A

speaking distance
backchannels
turn-taking

40
Q

What does backchannels refer to?

A
  • Backchannels - person who is listening to other person speak
    ○ What they can do to encourage the speaker is these non-verbal gestures (ex. nodding, smiling)
    Used to encourage speaker to continue speaking
41
Q

Is language a genetic predisposition?

A

Language can be thought of as a genetic predisposition within humans
* Even though babies are born without the ability to speak, they are born with the intention to speak at some point later in their childhood
* Language can be nurtured and developed over years

42
Q

What is prosodic bootstrapping?

A

When born and in first few months, babies are listening to the language spoken to them - not understanding it, but trying to understand and decode what they are hearing

prosodic bootstrapping refers to how babies pay attention to the rhythm and sounds to start to infer meaning in those rhythms

43
Q

Why is babbling considered a developmental milestone?
When does it occur?

A

During first 6 months of an infant - start to experiment with babbling

Lack of babbling in a baby may be a sign of possible cognitive delay or potential hearing problems

  • When babbling, they are experimenting with language and the phonemes they are hearing from their family
  • Experimentation of speech production
44
Q

What is lexical bootstrapping?
When does it occur?

A
  • Refers to language that starts to develop as you get a little bit older, around 1-2 yrs of age
  • Start to recognize individual words, producing individual words
  • Can start to infer meaning and structure of the language from hearing others speak
45
Q

What are the 2 prominent brain areas associated with language?

A

Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area

46
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

On boundary of frontal lobe and temporal lobe

  • Area of brain with many dense connections to Wernicke’s area
  • Also has a lot of connections to motor learning areas within the frontal lobe
  • Responsible for processing production of speech
47
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

Results in Broca’s Aphasia:
- When a person is unable or has great difficulty in producing language
“tip of the tongue”, but can’t produce the word

48
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

(Damage to Wernicke’s Area)
- Deficit of language comprehension
- More rare, but when it does occur, it results in the person being unable to understand what is being said to them - can even extend to their own speech
- May be able to say many words and string sentences together, but the sentences may have no meaning to them

49
Q

Language production and language comprehension is heavily reliant on processing in which hemisphere?

A

left hemisphere processing

50
Q

Both Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area are only in which hemisphere?

A

Left hemisphere only

51
Q

When did language researchers start to became very interested in idea of discovering language ability in other animals?
What animals did they look at?

A

started in 1950s

The most obvious animal to look at was the closest living relative to humans - the chimpanzee.

52
Q

What was done with Chimpanzee Viki?

What did they discover?

A
  • Would put a dress on her and put her in front of microphone and see if she could mimic human language
  • Discovered that the vocal tract of a chimpanzee is not nearly as flexible as the vocal cord of humans
    (More restricted)
53
Q

After research with Viki, how did research shift?

A

research focus shifted to sign language

Once discovered that the vocal anatomy of apes was not well designed for language production, research in this area shifted to a focus onto sign language.

54
Q

What method was used to try to teach chimpanzees sign language?

A

Cross-Fostering
* Means that the animals lived among humans, were immersed in sign language just like a human child would learn a language first through exposure around them

55
Q

What did the studies teaching chimpanzees sign language teach them?

A

Apes could indeed learn sign language and could communicate with that.

○ Years later, when evidence was looked at more objectively, it was determined that the amount of sign language that these animals really understood and were capable of producing was much less than originally thought.

56
Q

What did Kanzi learn and teach us about language in apes?

A

Apes can learn a wide range of gestures - can learn individual signs for individual words, and can use the signs in the proper situation
- But where they seem to falter is in the structuring of the language

  • Can’t string a lot of words together like humans do to produce sentences; can’t seem to grasp the actual structure of the language to convey more complex ideas
  • Highest level is by identifying individual words on a lexigram - ex. Kanzi
57
Q

Distinction between language and dialect are based on what?

A

based on political boundaries, but the reality is that when different languages exist in close proximity to each other, often they are very closely related

58
Q

Related languages exist more on a continuum, which is called what?

A

a continuum

59
Q

What is Mutual intelligibility?

A

Refers to the degree to which speakers of 2 different languages or dialects understand each other.

60
Q

What does bilingual mean?

A

Speaks at least 2 languages

61
Q

What does balanced versus unbalanced bilingualism mean?

A

Balanced bilingual - equally proficient at the different languages they speak
- No one language that they are more proficient in than the others

Unbalanced bilingualism - have a preferred or more dominant language
- More proficient in and use more often

62
Q

What does Lingua Franca mean?

Where is an example of this?

A

3 main ethnic groups in Singapore: Chinese, Malay, and Tamal
Common language between them is English, so English in this situation is the “lingua franca”

63
Q

What is the difference between heritage language and societal language?

A

Heritage language - language in their home country
Ex. immigrated from China to Canada - heritage language would be Chinese

Societal language - language of the society they are moving into - the language that is spoken by the majority of the people in a given society
- In Canada, at least outside Quebec, the societal language is English

64
Q

What is the 3 generation pattern of language seen when people immigrate?

A
  • 1st generation of immigrants - heritage language is dominant; varying degrees of proficiency when it comes to societal language
  • 2nd generation - children will learn heritage language at home, but often prefer to use societal language outside of the home due to that being dominant language they encounter
  • 3rd generation - societal language becomes dominant, and there is little or no proficiency in heritage language (ex. English becomes first language)
65
Q

What is codeswitching?

A

Typically occurs in 2nd generation.
- Switching between heritage language and societal language (switching in an attempt to be understood)

  • Becomes more rare in 3rd generation
66
Q

Vocabulary size can be measured using what task?

A

semantic categorization task

67
Q

What is a semantic categorization task?

A

Ex. Person is asked a question such as “how many pieces of furniture can you name in 1 minute”.. Then they start naming
- determines vocabulary size

68
Q

Do monolingual or bilingual people tend to have larger vocabulary size?

A

Monolinguals -
Results of these experiments show that people who are bilinguals have a comparatively smaller vocabulary size in each of the languages that they know compared to people who are monolingual

Monolingual - have greater vocabulary size than bilingual person (come up with more words). Bilinguals also have a more difficult time retrieving words in either language they speak.

69
Q

What is metalinguistic awareness?

A

understanding of how language works in general

70
Q

Do bilinguals or monolinguals have a better metalinguistic awareness?

A

People who are bilingual have a greater understanding of how language works in general - have an intuitive sense about how language is structured, enabling them to be more effective communicators
- Ex. going to foreign country where they don’t actually speak the native language - they have a better sense of making themselves understood in these situations

71
Q

Do monolinguals or bilinguals show greater executive control?

A

Bilinguals also tend to show greater executive control

  • Have to exhibit more control over things like word selection and structuring between languages, they tend to pay more attention to the language that they are producing
  • Bilinguals tend to be good at multi-tasking, attention to detail
72
Q

What is orthography?

A

The set of rules for writing the words of a particular language

  • includes mapping of written symbols of language to the sounds that they produce
  • when writing written form, how well do the different letters and letter combinations correspond to the sounds the person has to make when sounding out those letters
    • Orthography can be shallow (transparent) or deep
73
Q

What does shallow vs. deep orthography mean?

A

Shallow orthography - letter combinations map closely to the sounds they make, consistent across situations
Ex. Spanish

Deep orthography - means that the letters and letter combinations do not map predictably onto the way they sound
* Don’t sound the same way in all situations
* Language becomes more difficult to master, especially to learn as a second language
Ex. English

74
Q

Why is English considered deep orthography?

A

English letters and letter combinations are sounded out differently or produce different phonemes depending on the context.

Learning English as a second language can be difficult because of how many exceptions there are.

Irregular words:
Colonel (sounds like Kernel)
Dessert
Pint

75
Q

What is developmental dyslexia?

A

Diagnosed in childhood
Difficulties in fluid reading
Read slower and have trouble spelling

76
Q

What is phonological dyslexia?

A

Phonological dyslexia:
- Inability to sound out different letter combinations
- Children struggle when they see letters and try to understand how those letters and letter combinations should be sounded out.

77
Q

What is surface dyslexia?

A
  • Can sound out the letters and letter combinations, but can’t recognize the overall words easily
  • Tend to read slower, because they are sounding out the individual letters and letter combinations, rather than just recognizing the word outright.
78
Q

Why is fluent reading one of the most demanding tasks?

A
  • Have to be able to recognize the different letters, letter combinations, and understand the context they are presented in to know how to sound them out.
  • Also have to grab meaning from letter combinations
79
Q

Does orthography influence dyslexia?

A

Dyslexia is present in every language in the world, but the overall prevalence of dyslexia in the language is affected by the orthography of that language

  • Languages with a more shallow orthography - written version matches more closely with phonetic version of language; way it looks it predictive of the way it should sound
    ○ These languages tend to have lower rates of dyslexia (English would have higher rates)

PSY 120 (10 decks)

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