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PSY 120 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the focus of functionalists?

A

Functionalists focused on asking questions about why, underlying biology, advantaged from evolutionary past

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2
Q

Why was the method of introspection criticized?

A

comes down to problem of consciousness
- it assumes that you’re fully aware of what’s happening
- in reality, we are not always the best judge of what we are sensing or feeling; not deliberately deceptive, but we don’t always know
- doesn’t consider unconscious processes

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3
Q

When was Sigmund Freud’s work done?
Where was his work done?
He was the first to come up with what?

A

Sigmund Freud:
Late 19th to early 20th century
Based in Vienna, Austria
He came up with the first detailed comprehensive theory about our personality and how we think.

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4
Q

Who was the first person to advocate a form of therapy to treat disorders of the mind? What was this therapy called?

A

Sigmund Freud - sometimes considered first clinical psychologist

Psychoanalysis

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5
Q

What is the goal of psychoanalysis?

A

to gain access to the unconscious mind

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6
Q

Where do Id, Ego, and Superego sit within the levels of consciousness of psychoanalysis?

A

Ego: conscious and preconscious

Id: preconscious and unconscious

Superego: in preconscious, conscious and unconscious

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7
Q

What is the Id?

A

all of person’s base desires and their impulses and urges; unrefined area of the mind that wants what it wants all the time

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8
Q

What is the ego?

A

Tries to satisfy the wants of the Id, but in ways that consider the consequences of the actions.

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9
Q

What is the superego?

A

society’s values and standards, and family’s values and standards. Places these social and moral restrictions on what we should and shouldn’t do

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10
Q

What part of psychoanalytic self develops first?
At what age does the super develop?

A

Id, then ego, then superego (around age 5)

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11
Q

What is the pleasure principle vs. what is the reality principle?

A

pleasure principle = ID
reality principle = EGO

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12
Q

What is the role of the superego?

A

SUPEREGO is the idea of what is morally right and wrong, generally driven by whatever society and parents’ rules are

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13
Q

According to psychoanalytic theory, what happens to unresolved conflict during childhood?

A

manifests itself as conflict, anxiety, and neuroses later in adulthood

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14
Q

What are some of the methods Freud used to access the unconscious mind?

A

Hypnosis
Free association (saying words freely, with guard down)
Projective tests (ex. Inkblot)
Freudian slips (idea that you say something that you didn’t mean to say, but it actually betrays what you are really thinking beneath the surface

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15
Q

What is the view of dreams according to the psychoanalytic theory?

A

dreams = “royal road to the unconscious”
- dreams are meaningful and were the ID running wild

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16
Q

What is manifest content vs. latent content?

A

Manifest content = the cover story of the dream, the outward story
Latent content = the true meaning of the dream (hidden); only a skilled psychoanalyst like Freud could interpret this latent content

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17
Q

What is the idea of conflicts taking up psychic energy?

A

according to Freud, there is a constant struggle between id and ego and what is realistic, which takes up psychic energy

psychic energy = struggle between id and ego

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18
Q

What does the ego use to try to keep out unwanted thoughts or desires, and to reduce anxiety?

A

the ego employs defence mechanisms, in an attempt to reduce anxiety

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19
Q

What are the 7 defence mechanisms of the psychoanalytic theory?

A

repression
denial
displacement
reaction formation
rationalization
projection
sublimation

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20
Q

What is the most important defence mechanism? Why?

A

repression because all of the defence mechanisms to some degree borrow an element of it

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21
Q

What is the difference between displacement and projection?

A

Displacement - when you feel one way about something (ex. angry about something), so you shift that conflict onto somebody or something else.

Projection - when you take your own thoughts and feelings about a certain situation and you project it on somebody else and make it seem like they are the ones that feel it, not you.

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22
Q

Who is Alfred Adler?

A

the first major follower to break off with Freud

individual psychology: believed in the idea that we strive for superiority, to overcome feelings of inferiority;and birth order

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23
Q

What is the inferiority complex? What is the difference between well-adjusted and poor-adjusted people?

A

Some people succeed, some people don’t and they develop an “inferiority complex”

Well-adjusted people are able to express their striving for superiority through some sort of concern for social interest.

Poorly-adjusted people tend to be self-absorbed and selfish, and they want personal glory at the expense of others.

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24
Q

Who stressed the importance of early childhood experiences in forming personality?

A

Alfred Adler

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25
Q

What might freudian theories say about neglected vs. pampered children in later life?

A

neglected - may not trust people and grow up as a suspicious adults, find it hard to trust others

pampered - product of overly-controlling parents may be that they do not develop a sense of initiative, don’t try new things, don’t want new experiences, because it can be dangerous and end in failure

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26
Q

What did Adler believe about birth order?

A

Birth order may have long-term consequences for shaping personality

First borns: torn, overly pampered, get a lot of attention; then later children come and the first born has been “dethroned”

Last borns: overly pampered throughout their life, get all the attention; can lead to not showing enough initiative and strive to their fullest potential as adults

Most well-adjusted children are the middle borns: they don’t get overly pampered the way the first born originally do and the babies do, but they are also not neglected as well.
Middle born tend to be most well-adjusted

27
Q

How would Adler and Freud differ in their view of personality for a successful businessman?

A

Freud: might say that this person is using sublimation, taking their aggressive tendencies and channeling them into something socially acceptable like business and finance.

Adler: might say that this is a person who is striving for superiority, they want to be the best to overcome this sense of inferiority that originated in childhood. May also say that they are likely a middle child.

28
Q

Who was one of Freud’s closest followers who established analytic psychology?

A

Carl Jung

29
Q

What is the idea of collective unconscious?

A

Carl Jung’s idea that there is a connection between all humankind - a universal consciousness that everyone shares.

he travelled a lot and was interested in many cultures and religions

30
Q

What is Carl Jung’s reasoning for a collective unconscious?

A

that we all have archetypes

no matter which culture, there are archetypes that were shared between them

31
Q

Who was Karen Horney?

A

She established her own psychoanalytic institute in the U.S.

she believed that neuroses that developed in childhood could manifest themselves in terms of conflict and problems with a person’s interpersonal relationships

32
Q

What are the 3 problematic styles of interpersonal relationships according to Karen Horney?

A

Moving toward people: person who is extremely needy, clingy, needing affirmation

Moving against people: no regard for others, view them as objects or pawns, takes advantage of other people or cheats them

Moving away from people: people who strive for independence and self-sufficiency; strong desire for privacy, avoid affection or love, sympathy, friendship, difficult to establish emotional attachments; tend to avoid involvement in relationships

33
Q

Who is likely the most influential and widely known psychologist in the world?

A

Sigmund Freud

34
Q

What is the criticism for psychoanalysis?

A

not based on empirical evidence

often based on collecting anecdotal evidence

based many theories on individual stories and case studies

theory that is not falsifiable (cannot be tested about these ideas of Id, Ego, Superego)

35
Q

Behaviourism was a reaction to what?

A

a reaction to introspection, Freudian, and Neo-freudian theories

36
Q

What did behaviourism look at / study?

A

the study of overt behaviour; that behaviour can be measurable (observed), predictable, and changeable

37
Q

What did John Watson believe? What was he interested in?

A

Believed that more advanced behaviour could be changed through conditioning

Interested in how we can develop emotional associations to events

38
Q

What was a famous study done that looked at creation of a fear response? Who did this study?

A

John Watson

Most infamous experiment involved Little Albert: creating fear response

White rat introduced - not afraid; established a neutral or positive response to stimulus
- When paired with unpleasant stimulus, little Albert became afraid

39
Q

Who was the main leader of radical behaviourism?

A

B.F. Skinner

40
Q

How did B.F. Skinner believe a person’s personality developed?

A

Felt that person’s entire personality really developed as a result of the consequences of their actions.
through reinforcement and punishment

41
Q

Does radical behaviourism reject the existence of inner thoughts?

A

NO
Just felt that inner thoughts didn’t have as much weight to a person’s true cause of behaviour.
- Inferred what they were thinking based on behaviour

42
Q

What does behaviourism believe about how we behave in predictable ways?

A

says that we are conditioned from birth to respond to specific events in predictable ways
ex. learning from parents or teachers

In similar events, people may respond in different ways

43
Q

Humanism was created as a counter-reaction to what?

A

counter-reaction to Freudian theories
AND counter-reaction to radical behaviourism

  • does not believe that we are slaves to our unconscious urges and desires
  • does not believe that we are slaves to our environment
44
Q

According to humanists, how do people reach their full potential?

A

Humanism believes that people reach their full potential only through greater self-awareness and self-understanding

45
Q

What are the beliefs and key areas of Abraham Maslow?

A

Self-actualization: people are driven to become their best possible selves, and realize their full potential

Believed in peak experiences - we seek these experiences throughout life where we are completely in the moment,

Flow: you are “in the zone”, doing what you absolutely love to do and doing it a top level of performance

46
Q

What is flow?

A

Flow: you are “in the zone”, doing what you absolutely love to do and doing it a top level of performance

47
Q

What is Maslow most famous for?

A

hierarchy of needs

48
Q

What are the levels of the hierarchy of needs and what is their order of priority?

A

top priority:
Physiological
Safety
Belonging and love
Esteem
Self-Actualization

49
Q

What are the growth needs and deficiency needs of the hierarchy of needs?

A

Deficiency needs = basic needs (satisfied when you get what you need)
- Includes physiological and safety (ex. job, income, shelter)
- Need to be satisfied first

Growth needs = needs that you seem to satisfy but you never actually satisfy
- Once you get them, you just keep pursuing them

50
Q

What is the difference between esteem and self-actualization?

A

Esteem: self-esteem, accomplishments, reputation
Self-actualization: living to full potential, achieving personal dreams and aspirations (highest order)

51
Q

What was an early failure of Carl Rogers in his work as a therapist?

A

He was telling people what to do.
Later, felt that he shouldn’t be telling people how to live their lives or make decisions for them. Clients should arrive at own decisions, and his role was to facilitate that journey.

52
Q

What is a phenomenological approach?

A

Personal experience and their own assessment of their experiences are of prime importance

53
Q

What did Carl Rogers become famous for?

A

Client-centered or person-centered therapy

54
Q

What are 2 key aspects of a client-centered or person-centered therapy?

A

Unconditional positive regard:
clients should be able to disclose thoughts in a safe and non-judgemental setting

Reflection: role as a therapist was not how to tell people how to live their life or make decisions for them, but rather to guide them towards a sense of self-awareness through reflection (have person hear their words back to them)

55
Q

Humanism consists of what single construct?

A

Self-concept

56
Q

What are the 2 components of self-concept?

A
  • the way you view yourself
  • the way you really are in the world and how other view you; the way you conduct yourself
57
Q

What does it mean for self-concept to be in congruence versus incongruence?

A

Self-concept in congruence: the way you view yourself is the same as how others view you

Incongruence: the way you view yourself is different from how others view you

58
Q

How do the concepts of subception, distortion, and disorganization relate to self-concept?

A

Subception: instances when you receive information that goes against your self-concept.

Distortion: you distort the information in a way as a defensive mechanism.

When a person’s self-concept is in a strong state of incongruence, then they are said to be in a state of disorganization.
- Can cause a great deal of anxiety

59
Q

Is humanism highly structured?

A

no, less structured than other theories

60
Q

what are the 4 main elements of humanism?

A

Personal responsibility: what happens to you in your life, you are in charge of that

Promotes the idea of being in the “here and now” - live in the moment

Personal experience - personal views are of prime importance (very different from radical behaviourism)

Personal growth - point of life is to grow as a person and change, to get better and reach your full potential

61
Q

According to Carl Rogers, what is a “fully-functioning individual”?

A

A person whose self-concept is very much in line with how other people see them (a very positive self-concept).

Can try new things, have new experiences and not worry about failure

Doesn’t allow failure to dominate their thoughts

Well-adjusted psychologically

62
Q

Which theory is the foundation of modern counseling therapy?

A

Humanism

63
Q

What is a weakness of humanism?

A

It is not an evidence-based perspective
(not about gathering data, not crunching statistics, etc.)

64
Q

What is the first perspective/theory to use group therapy?

A

Humanism

PSY 120 (10 decks)

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