Chapter 3

Question 1

Which theory has the most resonance with the case of Kitty Genovese?

Answer 1

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 2

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 2

the idea that because so many other people are witnessing the same event, individual people were less likely to act because they thought that someone else would act

Question 3

What is the purpose of a hypothesis?

Answer 3

Hypothesis is an educated prediction.

Results from hypotheses either support or refute the theory

Question 4

What 3 things make a strong theory?

Answer 4

Falsifiable: can test them
Parsimonious: it’s simple, can be explained easily and easy to understand
Replication: should be able to replicate study and get more or less the same results

Question 5

Research with humans follows what 3 basic principles?

Answer 5

Concern for welfare
Respect for autonomy
Justice

Question 6

What does concern for welfare look at?

What are the possible harms and benefits?

Answer 6

reducing harm while maximizing benefit

harms: physical or psychological harm, loss of privacy

benefits: to science, individual, society

Question 7

How is respect for autonomy achieved?

Answer 7

Through informed consent about whether or not you want to participate

Question 8

Can there be any passive deception while maintaining respect for autonomy?
What is passive deception?

Answer 8

yes, passive deception is simply not telling you what the hypotheses or theories behind the research are - but can be told after the study is done

Question 9

What is the importance of the principle of justice?

Answer 9

May want to look at certain populations in the study

When selecting a very specific part of the population, you are also preventing other people from joining in. you can do that in research, but you have to justify it and have a reason why you are only allowing certain groups to participate

must also provide access to positive findings for control group after the study

Question 10

What are the 3 Rs for ethical research with animals?

Answer 10

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

Question 11

Does research on humans and animals go through the same ethics board?

Answer 11

no, uses a separate board of ethics for animal research

Question 12

How does ethics relate to students and researchers?

Answer 12

Ethics continues on into written manuscript, not just during the study
Applies to data collection, written research, data fabrication or data falsification

Question 13

What are the types of research methods used in psychology?

Answer 13

Descriptive methods (ex. observational studies, self-reports, case study)

Correlational method

Experimental methods (infers causation)

Question 14

Ideal measurements within studies are high in what two aspects?

Answer 14

high validity and high reliability

Question 15

What is the difference between validity and reliability?

Answer 15

valid: accurate measurement

reliability: consistency
(can also be consistently off if high reliability and low validity)

Question 16

What are examples of valid and reliable tests?

Answer 16

Wechsler Intelligence Test
GRE
MCAT

Question 17

What is the most subjective method for gathering data?

Answer 17

Self-report

Question 18

What is a downside of self-report?

What is a demand characteristic?

Answer 18

There are many factors that affect “honest” responding

Demand characteristics: person may think that they will come across badly and want to give answers that they think the researcher wants to hear
(particularly true of sensitive or controversial topics)

Question 19

What is the most objective way to gather data?

Answer 19

Naturalistic observation

watching people behave naturally, without knowing that they are being observed

Question 20

What is partially disguised observation?

Answer 20

Sometimes can’t keep observation that secretive

Partially disguised observation: people know they are being observed, but they don’t know the purpose

Question 21

What is undisguised observation?

When is this typical?

Answer 21

Out in the open

The people being observed know they are being observed

Typical for school psychologists - look at the behaviour of the kids - knows they are there and why

Question 22

Undisguised observation gets high levels of what?

Answer 22

Reactivity: people will respond differently because they know they are being observed

Question 23

What happens to reactivity in undisguised observation over time?

Answer 23

typically decreases over time because people let their guards down

Question 24

What is a correlation?

Answer 24

reflects an association between two or more variables

Question 25

What is the directionality problem?

Answer 25

In a correlation, you never know which came first or what could cause what

Question 26

What is the third variable problem?

Answer 26

Refers to some other potential cause
i.e., there could be some other cause that you didn’t consider that could be causing the aggression (ex. child’s home life)

Question 27

What is the benefit of experiments that correlations cannot show?

Answer 27

Experiments can infer cause

Experiment allows for a direct change in one variable, and a corresponding change in the other variable

Question 28

What is the difference between the IV and the DV?

Answer 28

IV: what is manipulated
DV: impacted by the manipulation

researcher manipulates the IV to determine effect on the DV

Question 29

What are the 2 types of validity in experiments?

Answer 29

Internal validity: How trustworthy are the results? Speaks to quality of the experiment itself.
Refers to validity of everything within the experiment itself

External validity: How well these results generalize to the larger population