Chapter 3 Flashcards
Which theory has the most resonance with the case of Kitty Genovese?
Diffusion of responsibility
What is diffusion of responsibility?
the idea that because so many other people are witnessing the same event, individual people were less likely to act because they thought that someone else would act
What is the purpose of a hypothesis?
Hypothesis is an educated prediction.
Results from hypotheses either support or refute the theory
What 3 things make a strong theory?
Falsifiable: can test them
Parsimonious: it’s simple, can be explained easily and easy to understand
Replication: should be able to replicate study and get more or less the same results
Research with humans follows what 3 basic principles?
Concern for welfare
Respect for autonomy
Justice
What does concern for welfare look at?
What are the possible harms and benefits?
reducing harm while maximizing benefit
harms: physical or psychological harm, loss of privacy
benefits: to science, individual, society
How is respect for autonomy achieved?
Through informed consent about whether or not you want to participate
Can there be any passive deception while maintaining respect for autonomy?
What is passive deception?
yes, passive deception is simply not telling you what the hypotheses or theories behind the research are - but can be told after the study is done
What is the importance of the principle of justice?
May want to look at certain populations in the study
When selecting a very specific part of the population, you are also preventing other people from joining in. you can do that in research, but you have to justify it and have a reason why you are only allowing certain groups to participate
must also provide access to positive findings for control group after the study
What are the 3 Rs for ethical research with animals?
Replacement
Reduction
Refinement
Does research on humans and animals go through the same ethics board?
no, uses a separate board of ethics for animal research
How does ethics relate to students and researchers?
Ethics continues on into written manuscript, not just during the study
Applies to data collection, written research, data fabrication or data falsification
What are the types of research methods used in psychology?
Descriptive methods (ex. observational studies, self-reports, case study)
Correlational method
Experimental methods (infers causation)
Ideal measurements within studies are high in what two aspects?
high validity and high reliability
What is the difference between validity and reliability?
valid: accurate measurement
reliability: consistency
(can also be consistently off if high reliability and low validity)
What are examples of valid and reliable tests?
Wechsler Intelligence Test
GRE
MCAT
What is the most subjective method for gathering data?
Self-report
What is a downside of self-report?
What is a demand characteristic?
There are many factors that affect “honest” responding
Demand characteristics: person may think that they will come across badly and want to give answers that they think the researcher wants to hear
(particularly true of sensitive or controversial topics)
What is the most objective way to gather data?
Naturalistic observation
watching people behave naturally, without knowing that they are being observed
What is partially disguised observation?
Sometimes can’t keep observation that secretive
Partially disguised observation: people know they are being observed, but they don’t know the purpose
What is undisguised observation?
When is this typical?
Out in the open
The people being observed know they are being observed
Typical for school psychologists - look at the behaviour of the kids - knows they are there and why
Undisguised observation gets high levels of what?
Reactivity: people will respond differently because they know they are being observed
What happens to reactivity in undisguised observation over time?
typically decreases over time because people let their guards down
What is a correlation?
reflects an association between two or more variables
