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RET 2934 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the SA node?

A

the pacemaker of the heart

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2
Q

How many impulses does the SA node produce
per minute?

A

75

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3
Q

What does Limb lead 1 measure?

A

electrical potential between the right and left
arm

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4
Q

What does Limb lead 2 measure?

A

electrical impulse between the right are and left
leg

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5
Q

What does limb lead 3 measure?

A

electrical impulse between the left arm and left
leg?

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6
Q

What is Lead AVR?

A

Leads that are connected to the right arm, left
arm, and left leg.

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7
Q

Which is the positive electrode in lead AVR?

A

The right arm

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8
Q

What is lead AVL?

A

Leads that are connected to the left arm, right
arm, and left leg?

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9
Q

What is the positive electrode in lead AVL?

A

The left arm

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10
Q

What is lead AVF?

A

leads that are connected to the left leg, right arm,
and left arm.

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11
Q

What is the positive electrode in lead AVF?

A

left leg

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12
Q

Where is lead V1 located?

A

4th intercostal space at right border of the
sternum

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13
Q

Where is lead V2 located?

A

4th intercostal space at left border of the
sternum

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14
Q

Where is the lead V3 located?

A

positioned in a straight line between leads 2 & 4

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15
Q

Where is V4 located?

A

midclavicular line at 5th intercostal space

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16
Q

Where is lead V5 located?

A

axillary line level with lead 4 horizontally

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17
Q

Where is lead V6 located?

A

midaxillary line level with lead 4 & 5 horizontally

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18
Q

Where is the 1st electrode place?

A

upper right side of the chest

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19
Q

Where is the 2nd electrode place?

A

lower left side of the chest

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20
Q

Where is the 3rd electrode placed?

A

Used as a ground and may be attached to any
location that is convenient

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21
Q

What is the p-wave?

A

represents atrial depolarization
(contraction)

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22
Q

What is the Q-wave?

A

negative wave that follows the p-wave
may be absent

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23
Q

What is the R- wave?

A

positive wave that follows the Q-wave

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24
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

(contraction)

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25
Q

What also happens during the QRS complex that
isn’t seen on the ECG?

A

Atrial repolarization

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26
Q

A widened QRS complex is seen with what?

A

Right bundle branch block
PVCs

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27
Q

What is the T - wave?

A

positive wave
represents ventricular repolarization

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28
Q

What does an inverted T - wave indicate?

A

coronary artery disease

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29
Q

How is the is the PR interval measured?

A

measured from the beginning of p-wave to
beginning of q-wave

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30
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

time it takes for the impulse to travel from SA
node to AV node

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31
Q

What is the duration of the PR interval?

A

0.12-0.20

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32
Q

If the PR interval is prolonged what does it
mean?

A

1st or 2nd degree heart block

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33
Q

How is the ST segment measured?

A

from the end of the S-wave to the beginning of
the T-wave

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34
Q

What does the ST segment measure?

A

The time required for ventricular repolarization
to begin

35
Q

If the ST segment is elevated or depressed
above or below the baseline this indicates what?

A

cardiac ischemia

36
Q

If the ST segment is elevated or depressed what
does that mean?

A

coronary artery disease

37
Q

What is sinus bradycardia?

A

HR <60 bpm

38
Q

What is the rhythm for bradycardia?

A

regular

39
Q

What are some wave pattern abnormalities for
bradycardia?

A

none

40
Q

What are some causes of sinus bradycardia?

A

hypothermia
Increased ICP

41
Q

What is the treatment for bradycardia?

A

atropine

42
Q

What is sinus tachycardia?

A

HR 100 -160 bpm

43
Q

What is the rhythm for sinus tachycardia?

A

regular

44
Q

What are some wave abnormalities for sinus
tachycardia?

A

none

45
Q

what are some causes of sinus tachycardia?

A

hypoxemia

46
Q

What is the treatment for sinus tachycardia?

A

treat the underlying cause & beta blockers

47
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A

HR 60-100 b/min

48
Q

what is the rhythm for sinus arrhythmia?

A

irregular

49
Q

what is the wave pattern for sinus arrhythmia?

A

R to R intervals may be longer than 0.16
seconds

50
Q

What is significant about sinus arrhythmia?

A

the R wave and QRS complex varies and is
inconsistent

51
Q

what is the cause of sinus arrhythmia?

A

none

52
Q

what is the treatment for a sinus arrhythmia?

A

none

53
Q

What is the rate for a PAC?

A

60-100 b/min

54
Q

less than 6 PACs indicates what?

A

minor arrhythmia

55
Q

more than 6 PACs indicates what?

A

major arrhythmia

56
Q

What is the rhythm for a PAC?

A

Regular except for PAC

57
Q

what is wave pattern abnormality for a PAC?

A

Premature p-wave looks different from a sinus p
-wave

58
Q

what are some causes for a PAC?

A

CNS disturbances

59
Q

what is the treatment for a PAC?

A

if more than 6 PACs per minute use lidocaine

60
Q

What is the rate for a PVC?

A

60-100 b/min

61
Q

Less than 6 PVCs per minute is considered
what?

A

minor

62
Q

More that 6 PVCs per minute is considered
what?

A

Major

63
Q

What is the wave pattern for a PVC?

A

the shape of the QRS complex is abnormal and
wider than 0.12

64
Q

What are some causes of PVCs?

A

ventricular irritability caused by hypoxia
acid base disturbances
electrolyte abnormalities
excessive dose of digitalis

65
Q

What is the treatment for a PVC?

A

Lidocaine
procainamide

66
Q

What is the rate for A-fib?

A

greater than 350

67
Q

What is the rhythm for A-fib?

A

irregular

68
Q

What is the wave pattern for A-fib?

A

the p-waves cannot be distinguished and there is
an uneven baseline; PR interval is also

69
Q

What are some causes of A-fib?

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease
mitral stenosis
valvular heart disease

70
Q

What is the treatment for A-fib?

A

cardioversion
proponalol
digitalis

71
Q

What is the rate for atrial flutter?

A

200-400 b/min (atrial)
60-150 b/min (ventricular)

72
Q

what is the rhythm for A-flutter?

A

regular or irregular

73
Q

what are some causes of A-flutter?

A

hypoxia

74
Q

What is the treatment for A-flutter?

A

cardioversion
carotid artery massage
procainamide
digitalis

75
Q

What is the rate for V-tach?

A

140-200

76
Q

What is the rhythm for V-tach?

A

regular

77
Q

What is the wave pattern for V-tach?

A

2.

78
Q

What are some causes of V-tach?

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease
coronary artery disease
myocardial ischemia

79
Q

what is the treatment for v-tach?

A

CPR

80
Q

What is the rate for V-fib?

A

cannot be determined

81
Q

what is the rhythm for v-fib?

A

cannot be determined

82
Q

wave pattern

A

no distinguishable waves

83
Q

what are some causes for v-fib?

A

hypertensive heart disease

RET 2934 (13 decks)

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