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BIO 202 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chapter 9

Fermentation

A

Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen

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2
Q

Chapter 9

Aerobic Respiration

A

Consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP

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3
Q

Chapter 9

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Similar to aerobic respiration, but consumes compounds other than oxygen

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4
Q

Chapter 9

Cellular Respiration

A

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration (but is often used to refer to just aerobic respiration)

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5
Q

Chapter 9

Redox Reactions

A

(Oxidation-Reduction Reactions) Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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6
Q

Chapter 9

Oxidation

A

A substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

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7
Q

Chapter 9

Reduction

A

A substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)

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8
Q

Chapter 9

Reducing Agent

A

Electron Donor

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9
Q

Chapter 9

Oxidizing Agent

A

Electron Receptor

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10
Q

Chapter 9

NAD+

A

A coenzyme; electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred here; electron acceptor and functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

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11
Q

Chapter 9

NADH

A

The reduced form of NAD+ that represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

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12
Q

Chapter 9

Electron Transport Chain

A

Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction with the help of NADH

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13
Q

Chapter 9

Glycolysis

A

1st stage of cellular respiration; “Splitting of Sugar” - Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate; Has 2 major phases 1. Energy Investment Phase and 2. Energy Payoff Phase

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14
Q

Chapter 9

Citric Acid Cycle

A

2nd stage of cellular respiration; Krebs Cycle; Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix; Has 8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme; Completes the breakdown of glucose

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15
Q

Chapter 9

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

3rd stage of cellular respiration; Accounts for most (almost 90%) of the ATP synthesis & is powered by redox reactions

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16
Q

Chapter 9

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by this

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17
Q

Chapter 9

Acetyl CoA

A

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to this; Links the cycle to glycolysis

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18
Q

Chapter 9

Cristae

A

Electron transport chain of the mitochondrion

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19
Q

Chapter 9

Chemiosmosis

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

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20
Q

Chapter 9

Protonmotive Force

A

The H+ gradient; Emphasizes capacity to do work

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21
Q

Chapter 9

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps with the first releasing carbon dioxide

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22
Q

Chapter 9

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product with no release of carbon dioxide

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23
Q

Chapter 9

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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24
Q

Chapter 9

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration, i.e. yeast and bacteria

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25
# Chapter 9 Beta Oxidation
Fatty acids are broken down and yield acetyl CoA
26
Bond distribution between carbon and hydrogen.
Electrons are shared equally between C and H.
27
Why do electrons shared between C and O have low chemical potential energy?
O is so electronegative that it holds the electrons tightly to itself
28
Carbohydrates
A reservoir of electrons associated with carbon and hydrogen
29
Glucose is high reduced, what does this mean?
This means that it has high potential energy
30
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, _____ electrons and _____ proton are transferred to NAD+ forming NADH.
Two electrons, one proton
31
4 steps of cellular respiration:
1. Glucose is broken down to pyruvate 2. Pyruvate is processed to form acetyl-CoA 3. Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2 4. Compounds that were reduced in the previous steps are oxidized in reactions that lead to ATP production
32
Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost ______ % of the ATP generated by cellular respiration
90%
33
Overall, glycolysis uses ____ ATP and has made _____ ATP, a net gain of _____
2, 4, 2
34
During the citric acid cycle, pyruvate enters the ______ in the presence of O2.
Mitochondrion
35
Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to _______.
Acetyl CoA
36
Another name for the citric acid cycle
Krebs cycle
37
Location of the citric acid cycle
Mitochondrial matrix
38
How many steps are there in the Krebs cycle?
Eight
39
What is the first step of the citric acid cycle?
The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate
40
What happens after the first step of the Krebs cycle?
Decomposition of citrate back to oxaloacetate
41
Acetyl CoA adds its 2C acetyl group to 4C oxaloacetate, to make 6C citrate. THe enzyme is called ________.
Citrate Synthase
42
Isomerization reaction repositions the hydroxyl (-OH) group. The enzyme is called ______.
Aconitase
43
Oxidative dexcarboxylation
NAD is reduced, and CO2 is released.
44
Oxidative decarboxylation: NAD is reduced, and CO2 is released. The 5C a-keoglutarate is formed. This enzyme is called _________________.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
45
A second oxidative decarboxylation occurs; CO2 is released and NADH is produced. The resulting 4C acid is called succinate. The enzyme is called _________.
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
46
Coenzyme A is added to succinate to produce succinyl CoA. The enzyme is called ____________.
Succinyl CoA synthetase
47
Succinate is oxidized to fumarate. A C=C double bond is formed, and 2 H are transferred to FAD forming FADH2. This is enzyme is called ___________.
Succinate dehydrogenase
48
Fumarate is converted to malate by the enzyme _________.
Fumarase
49
Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, and NAD is reduced to NADH. The enzyme is called ____________.
Malate dehydrogenase
50
Where is the electron transport chain located?
In the cristae of the mitochondrion
51
What do the carriers do as they proceed down the electron transport chain?
They alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons.
52
What goes through the ETC and gradually lose energy in a stepwise fashion?
NADH and FADH2
53
What happens when NADH and FADH2 lose most of their energy to the ETC?
They combine with oxygen to make water
54
During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence:
Glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → proton-motive force → ATP
55
____________ and ________ enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
56
Most cellular respiration requires _____ to produce ATP.
O2
57
In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with ________ to produce ATP
Fermentation or anaerobic respiration
58
Anaerobic respiration uses an ETC with ______________
an alternate electron acceptor
59
Which process uses glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate?
Both fermentation and aerobic respiration
60
Fermentation and aerobic respiration have different final electron acceptors: _______ in fermentation and _____ in cellular respiration.
An organic molecule, O2
61
Cellular respiration reproduces _____ ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation produces ____ ATP per glucose molecule
38, 2
62
___________ is the most common mechanism for control.
Feedback inhibition

BIO 202 (6 decks)

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