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Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 8

Metabolic Pathway

A

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

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2
Q

Chapter 8

Catabolic Pathways

A

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

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3
Q

Chapter 8

Anabolic Pathways

A

A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds

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4
Q

Chapter 8

Bioenergetics

A

(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms

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5
Q

Chapter 8

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter

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6
Q

Chapter 8

Heat

A

The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form (aka Thermal Energy)

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7
Q

Chapter 8

Potential Energy

A

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)

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8
Q

Chapter 8

Chemical Energy

A

Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy

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9
Q

Chapter 8

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism

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10
Q

Chapter 8

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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11
Q

Chapter 8

The First Law of Thermodynamics

A

The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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12
Q

Chapter 8

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder, or randomness

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13
Q

Chapter 8

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat

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14
Q

Chapter 8

Free Energy

A

The energy that is available to do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell.

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15
Q

Chapter 8

Exergonic Reaction

A

A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy

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16
Q

Chapter 8

Endergonic Reaction

A

A non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

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17
Q

Chapter 8

ATP

A

An adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

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18
Q

Chapter 8

Phosphorylated

A

Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group

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19
Q

Chapter 8

Enzyme

A

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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20
Q

Chapter 8

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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21
Q

Chapter 8

Activation Energy

A

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation

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22
Q

Chapter 8

Substrate

A

The reactant on which an enzyme works

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23
Q

Chapter 8

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s)

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24
Q

Chapter 8

Active Site

A

The specific portion of an enzyme that blinds the substrate by means of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

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25
# Chapter 8 Induced Fit
Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate
26
# Chapter 8 Cofactors
Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis
27
# Chapter 8 Coenzyme
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions
28
# Chapter 8 Competitive Inhibitors
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics
29
# Chapter 8 Noncompetitive Inhibitors
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively
30
# Chapter 8 Allosteric Regulation
The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site
31
# Chapter 8 Cooperativity
A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules
32
Closed System
Isolation from surroundings
33
Open System
Energy and mater can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
34
Organisms are ______ systems
Open
35
First law of thermodynamics
Energy of the universe is constant; energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
36
Second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe, because some energy is always lost, usually as heat
37
__________ convert organized forms of energy to heat
Living cells
38
___________ processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly
Spontaneous
39
For a process to occur without energy input it must _____________
Increase the entropy of the universe
40
__________ happens spontaneously
Disorder. Organization requires energy
41
__________ of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously
The free-energy change (∆G)
42
For a chemical reaction to be spontaneous, the reactants must have more ___________ than the products and/or be more _____ than the products.
Potential energy, ordered
43
During a spontaneous change, free energy _____ and the stability of a system _____.
Decreases, increases
44
A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when ________
It is moving toward equilibrium
45
___________ is the state of maximum stability
Equilibrium
46
More free energy = _____ stable = ___ work capacity
Less, greater
47
Less free energy = _____ stable = ___ work capacity
More, less
48
Reactions in a _______ system eventually reach equilibrium and then do no work
Closed
49
Are cells in equilibrium?
No. They are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials.
50
A _____ pathway in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions
Catabolic
51
____ powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
ATP
52
A cell does three main kinds of work
Mechanical Transport Chemical
53
Energy coupling
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
54
Energy is _____ during hydrolysis of the phosphate bonds
Released
55
Coupled reactions have a ∆G that is _____; together, the reactions are _________.
Negative, spontaneous
56
ATP drives endergonic reactions by ____
Phosphorylation
57
ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated | by addition of a phosphate group to ______.
ADP
58
The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from _________.
Catabolic reactions in the cell
59
_______ are proteins (usually) that carry out most catalysis in living organisms.
Enzymes
60
Enzymes stabilize associations between ____.
Substrates
61
The initial energy needed to start a chemical | reaction is called the ________.
Activation energy
62
Activation energy is often supplied in the form of _______.
Heat from the surroundings
63
Enzymes catalyze reactions by ______ the EA barrier
Lowering
64
What happens to ∆G when an enzyme is added to a reaction?
Nothing. They just speed up the reaction
65
In an enzymatic reaction, the ______ binds to the active site
Substrate
66
The active site can lower an EA barrier by:
– Orienting substrates correctly – Straining substrate bonds – Providing a favorable microenvironment – Covalently bonding to the substrate
67
Acid-base catalysis
Enzyme side chains transfer H+ to or from the substrate - a covalent bond breaks
68
Covalent catalysis
A functional group in a side chain bonds covalently with the substate
69
Metal ion catalysis
Metals on side chains lose or gain electrons
70
What can enzymes do to bonds of substrate molecules to make them unstable?
Stretch them
71
Each enzyme has an optimal _____ & _____ in which is can function
Temperature and pH
72
Feedback inhibition
The switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end-product. It prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources (synthesizing more product than is needed)
73
What does the end-product do during feedback inhibition?
It acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme usually at or near the beginning of the pathway

BIO 202 (6 decks)

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