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Psych 1200 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is language?

A

A system of communication with others using combined signals according to rules of grammar, and convey meaning

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2
Q

Describe grammar

A

A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combines to produce a meaningful message

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3
Q

How is human language different from others?

A
  • More complex
  • Describe more non objective things
  • Used to think and conceptualize
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4
Q

What is a phenome?

A

The smallest unit of sound that is recognized as speech

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5
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest meaningful units of language (bat)

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6
Q

What are the syntactical rules?

A

Set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

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7
Q

What are the three characteristics of language development?

A
  1. Children learn language at an astonishing rate
  2. Children make few errors while learning to speak
  3. Children’s comprehension of language develops faster than production
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8
Q

How many words do children have at each age?

A
  • 1 year, 10 words
  • 4 years, 10,000 words
  • 6-7 years, 6-7 words daily
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9
Q

When do children start babbling?

A

4-6 months

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10
Q

What is telegraphic (two word) speech and when do children do it?

A
  • When children use function morphemes of mainly content words (more milk)
  • Occurs around 24 months
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11
Q

What is over regularizing words?

A

Apply grammatical ruled to everything and making errors in sentences (I eated)

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12
Q

What is the behaviourist explanation of language development?

A

Language is learnt through operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment) and imitation

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13
Q

What is the nativist explanation of language development?

A

Language is innate and comes automatically

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14
Q

When is it hardest to learn language?

A

After puberty

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15
Q

What is the interactionist explanation of language development?

A

That social interaction is a major part of learning language

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16
Q

What is the brocas area? and what is brocas aphasia?

A
  • The left frontal cortex
  • Difficulty producing sentences
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17
Q

What is wenicke’s area? and what is wenicke’s aphasia?

A
  • Left temporal cortex
  • Difficulty making meaningful sentences
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18
Q

What does bilingualism do to the brain?

A
  • Decreases chances of Alzheimers
  • Increases density of grey matter
19
Q
A
20
Q

Can other species learn language?

A
  • Mainly have tried with apes but vocal tracts are not well equipped and vocabulary small
  • Success has come with asl and computerized keyboards
21
Q

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

Language shapes the nature of thought originated by Whorf

22
Q

What is a concept?

A

A mental representation that groups shared features of related objects, events or stimuli

23
Q

What is necessary condition?

A

Something that must be true about an object in order for it to belong to that category

24
Q

What is sufficient condition?

A

If something it true about the object then it must belong to a certain object
- An animal has 4 legs so it must be a dog

25
Q

What is prototype theory?

A

New objects that are compared to the most typical member of a category
- The closer it resembles the prototype the faster we categorize it

26
Q

What is exemplar theory?

A

Comparing new objects with something already stored in our memory

27
Q

What is category specific deficit?

A

A neurological syndrome that is the inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category

28
Q

Can our brains be rewired?

A

Yes, if an incident happens other regions of the brain can take over that control

29
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

Decisions are made by determining how likely something is to happen
- Judging the value of the outcome then multiplying it by 2

30
Q

Are people better at judging frequencies or probabilities?

A

People are better at estimating the frequency of an event

31
Q

What is heuristics?

A

A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee a solution will be reached

32
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

A well defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem

33
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

Items in memory that are judged as having occurred more frequently

34
Q

What is conjunction fallacy?

A

When people think to events are more likely to occur together than either as an individual event

35
Q

Explain representative heuristic

A

A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event with its prototype

36
Q

What is the framing effect?

A

People give different answers to a question based on how the question is asked

37
Q

Explain prospect theory

A

People choose to take on risk to avoid potential loss and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

38
Q

Explain means-end analysis

A

The process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal

39
Q

What are the steps in means-end analysis?

A
  1. Analyze the goal state
  2. Analyze the current state
  3. List the differences between states
  4. Reduce the list differences
40
Q

What is analogical problem solving?

A

Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution then applying it

41
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

A tendency to see the function of objects as unchanging
- a hammer is for hammering nails

42
Q

Explain reasoning

A

Organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions

43
Q

Explain belief bias

A

The judgement on whether to accept conclusions based on the believability of the argument, looking at if the argument is valid

44
Q

What is the illusory truth effect?

A

When repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that people will judge the statement to be true

Psych 1200 (4 decks)

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