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Psych 1200 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Define social psychology

A

Studies the causes and consequences of sociality, insights into how humans solve problems of survival and reproduction

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2
Q

what is aggression?

A

A behaviour that is to purposefully harm another

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3
Q

Explain the frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

All animals go into aggression when their goals are frustrated / challenged

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4
Q

What is proactive aggression?

A

Planned and purposeful (targeted, direct, low arousal)

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5
Q

What is reactive aggression?

A

A spontaneous response to a negative affect (high arousal, unplanned, not always targeted)

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6
Q

Why are males more aggressive?

A

They have high levels of testosterone, like to maintain a dominance status and following modelling or reinforcement of others

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7
Q

What type of aggression to women tend to use?

A

Verbal and social harming aggression

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8
Q

How can culture influence aggression?

A

Different places handle aggression differently

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9
Q

Define cooperation

A

Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit, trust is key

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10
Q

Define prejudice

A

A positive or negative evaluation of another based on what group they reside with, can lead to favouritism

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11
Q

How can decision making in a group be hindered?

A
  1. Not listening to all members
  2. Using common knowledge over important knowledge
  3. Group polarization, making group decisions more extreme
  4. Groupthink, groups need to reach concensus ignorer for harmony
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12
Q

Explain deindividualization

A

When individual members of a group become less payed attention to because of the crowded setting

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13
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

The tendency for individuals to not feel responsible for their actions because others were acting the same way

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14
Q

Explain social loafing

A

The tendency for people to expand less effort when in a group setting

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15
Q

Explain bystander intervention

A

The act of helping stranger in emergency situations

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16
Q

What is altruism?

A

Intentional behaviour that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

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17
Q

What is kin selection?

A

An evolutionary process where individuals are selected who cooperate with their relatives

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18
Q

Explain reciprocal altruism.

A

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

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19
Q

What is attraction?

A

A feeling of preference to another that is caused by situational, physical and psychological factors

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20
Q

Explain the mere exposure effect

A

The tendency of liking someone increases with more exposure to them

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21
Q

Explain the physical attraction factor.

A

Body shape (inverted triangle, hourglass, wait to hip), symmetry and age, most people approach, date and marry someone who is about as attractive as they are

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22
Q

Explain the psychological factors

A

We prefer to have partners who are similar to us:
- personality, POV, beliefs, ambitions, age, education, etc.

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23
Q

Define Homophily

A

The tendency to like people who are similar to them
- Makes interaction easy

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24
Q

How long to non human animal relationships last?

A
  • Most,10 seconds after sex
  • Some through breeding season
  • Few for years (monogamy)
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25
What are the 2 basic kinds of love and explain them
- Passionate love: feelings of euphoria, intimacy and sexual attraction - Companionate love: feelings of affection, trust and care of each others well-being
26
Why do some people stay in relationships when there is no connection anymore?
1. Comparison level for alternatives: would rather accept minimum than start a new relationship 2. Investment: kids, time, house, equity
27
Define social cognition
The process where people come to understand others
28
What are category based inferences?
Inferences made about the categories a person belongs to
29
Explain the frustration-aggression hypothesis
All animals go into aggression when their goals are frustrated / challenged
29
What is aggression?
A behaviour that is to purposefully harm another
30
What is proactive aggression?
Planned and purposeful (targeted, direct, low arousal)
31
What is reactive aggression?
A spontaneous response to a negative affect (high arousal, unplanned, not always targeted)
32
Why are males more aggressive?
They have high levels of testosterone, like to maintain a dominance status and following modelling or reinforcement of others
33
What type of aggression to women tend to use?
Verbal and social harming aggression
34
How can culture influence aggression?
Different places handle aggression differently
35
Define cooperation
Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit, trust is key
36
Define prejudice.
A positive or negative evaluation of another based on what group they reside with, can lead to favouritism
37
How can decision making in a group be hindered?
1. Not listening to all members 2. Using common knowledge over important knowledge 3. Group polarization, making group decisions more extreme 4. Groupthink, groups need to reach concensus ignorer for harmony
38
Explain deindividualization
When individual members of a group become less payed attention to because of the crowded setting
39
What is diffusion of responsibility?
The tendency for individuals to not feel responsible for their actions because others were acting the same way
40
Explain social loafing
The tendency for people to expand less effort when in a group setting
41
Explain bystander intervention
The act of helping stranger in emergency situations
42
What is altruism?
Intentional behaviour that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself
43
What is kin selection?
An evolutionary process where individuals are selected who cooperate with their relatives
44
Explain reciprocal altruism.
Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
45
What is attraction?
A feeling of preference to another that is caused by situational, physical and psychological factors
46
Explain the mere exposure effect.
The tendency of liking someone increases with more exposure to them
47
Explain the physical attraction factor
Body shape (inverted triangle, hourglass, wait to hip), symmetry and age, most people approach, date and marry someone who is about as attractive as they are
48
Explain the psychological factors
We prefer partners who are similar to us in inner qualities: - personality, pov, beliefs, intelligence, age, education, etc.
49
Define homophily
The tendency for people to like other who are similar to them - makes interaction easy
50
What do relationships of non human animals last?
- Most, 10 sec after sex - Some, through mating season - Few, life partners
51
What are the two basic kinds of love?
- Passionate love: feelings of intense euphoria, intimacy and sexual attraction - Companionate love: feelings of affection, trust, care for each others well-being
52
What are the 2 things people need to stay in relationships?
1. Comparison level for alternatives: cost benefit ratio people believe the could find in another relationship 2. Investment: time, kids, house, equity
53
Define social cognition
The process where people come to understand others
54
Explain category based inferences
Inferences people make based on information about the category that person belongs to
55
Explain target based inferences
Inferences based on information about that individuals behaviour
56
Define stereotyping
Drawing inferences about individuals based on the category they call in - Athletes, children
57
What is wrong with stereotyping?
It leads to: - Inaccuracy - Overuse - Self perpetuation - Unconsciousness and automaticity
58
How can stereotyping lead to inaccuracy?
Inaccuracy can come from: - Watching television - Using social media - Listening to certain music - Direct observation
59
How can stereotyping be overused?
- People overestimate similarities - Categorization can influence how we perceive things
60
How can stereotyping be self-perpetuating?
- Behavioural conformation: tendency for people to behave as they are expected to - Perceptual confirmation: Observes perceive what they are expected to - Subtyping: tendency for people who are faced with disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes instead of abandoning them
61
How can stereotyping be unconscious and automatic
We do not always know we are doing it or we cannot avoid it even if we try
62
What is attribution?
Inferences about the cause of a persons behaviour
63
What is the difference between dispositional and situational attributions?
- Disppositional: attributes someones internal disposition as a cause - Situational: attributes the external situation as a cause
64
What is the covariation model?
We rely on: - consistency, is it a regular thing? - distinctiveness, do they perform similar actions? - consensus, do most people do this?
65
Explain the fundamental attribution error
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution instead of making a situational one
66
Why are situational attributions not used all the time?
Because they are often invisible and more difficult to make
67
Explain the actor-observer effect
The tendency to make situational attributions for our behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviours of others
68
Define social influence
The ability to change to direct another persons behaviour
69
What are the three basic motivations that make people susceptible to social influence?
- Hedonic motive, wanting to experience pleasure and avoid pain - Approval motive, wanting to be accepted and avoid rejection - Accuracy motive, believing what is right and avoid believing what is wrong
70
What is the over justification effect?
When a reward decreases a persons intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour
71
What is reactance?
When an unpleasant feeling arises when people feel the are being forced to do something
72
What is the approval motive?
People are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected
73
What are norms?
To do what is appropriate / expected behaviour for situations that is culture dependant
74
What is norms of reciprocity?
An unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them
75
Explain normative influence
When another persons behaviour provides information about the appropriate behaviour for the situation - candy with bill
76
Explain the door-in-face technique
Essentially asking for more than what you want so when you ask for what you really want it doesn't seem that big of an ask
77
What is conformity
Doing what we see others do
78
What is obedience?
The tendency to do what more powerful people tell us to do, due to normative pressure
79
What is the accuracy motive?
People are motivated to believe what is true and avoid believing what is false - Attitude tells us what we should do, beliefs say how to do it
80
What is the difference between attitude and belief?
Attitude is enduring a positive or negative evaluation of a stimuli where a belief is enduring a piece of knowledge about it
81
What is informational influence?
When another persons behaviour provides information about what is good or true - Lines outside of bars
82
What is persuasion?
When the communication from one person influences another's attitudes or beliefs
83
Explain central-route persuasion
Where ones attitudes or beliefs are changed due to valid reasoning or a strong argument - Appeals to logic and reason
84
Explain peripheral-route persuasion
Where ones attitudes or beliefs are changed due to what is appealing / popular - Appeals to habit and emotion
85
Explain foot-in-door technique
Asking a smaller request then following it up with a larger one
86
What is cognitive dissonance?
An unpleasant state that arises when they notice the inconsistency of their actions, beliefs or attitudes
87

Psych 1200 (4 decks)

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