Chapter 9 Flashcards
A breath of fresh air
1
Q
respiratory system
A
the body system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells
2
Q
respiration
A
the diffusion of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body
3
Q
ventilation
A
a term that means the intake of fresh air
4
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx
5
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
trachea and within the lungs the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
6
Q
nose
A
where air enters the body
7
Q
nas/o
A
none
8
Q
rhin/o
A
nose
9
Q
nostrils or nares
A
the paired external openings of the respiratory tract
10
Q
endotherms
A
warm-blooded animals
11
Q
nasal turbinates
A
scroll-like cartilages covered with highly vascular MM. They warn, humidify, and filter inspired air
12
Q
meatus
A
separate the nasal cavity into passages
13
Q
meat/o
A
opening or passageway
14
Q
nasogastric tube
A
a tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach
15
Q
cer/o
A
horn
16
Q
vestibule
A
the rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity
17
Q
sept/o
A
partition
18
Q
Mucous membrane
A
a specialized form of epithelial tissue
19
Q
mucus
A
a slimelike substance that is composed of glandular secretions, salts, cells, and leukocytes
20
Q
cilia
A
thin hairs located inside the nostrils
21
Q
debris
A
the remains of something destroyed or damaged
22
Q
olfactory receptors
A
responsible for the sense of smell
23
Q
olfact/o
A
smell
24
Q
tonsils
A
lymphatic tissues that protects the nasal cavity and proximal throat
25
tonsill/o
tonsil
26
sinus
an air-filled or fluid-filled space
27
sinus/o
sinus
28
pharynx
common passageway for the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, throat
29
pharyng/o
throat
30
nasopharynx
portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and dorsal to the soft palate
31
oropharynx
portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis
32
laryngopharynx
portion of the throat dorsal to the larynx that opens into the voice box and esophagus
33
palat/o
palate
34
epiglottis
acts like a lid and covers the larynx during swallowing
35
epiglott/o
epiglottis
36
larynx
part of the respiratory tract located between the pharynx and trachea
37
voice box
larynx
38
vocal cords
contained in the larynx, which are paired membranous bands that help produce sounds
39
laryng/o
voice box
40
glottis
the space between the vocal cords
41
glott/o
glottis
42
syrinx
vocal separator for avian located between the trachea and bronchi
43
trachea or windpipe
extends from the neck to the chest
44
thorax
chest cavity
45
thoracic inlet
the junction between the neck and the chest
46
trache/o
windpipe
47
tracheal bifurcation
the distal end of the trachea divides into two branches
48
bronchi
the branches from the trachea
49
bronch/o
bronchi
50
principal or primary bronchus
the bronchus that leads into a separate lung
51
secondary or lobar bornchi
principal bronchi dividing into smaller branches
52
tertiary or sentimental bronchi
secondary bronchi dividing into smaller branches
53
bronchioles or bronchiolus
tertiary bronchi, contain no cartilage or glands
54
-ole
small
55
bronchilo/o
bronchiole
56
alveoli
air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs
57
alveolus
grape like cluster at the end of the bronchiole
58
alveol/o
small sac
59
surfactant
liquid in the alveoli that reduces alveolar surface tension
60
cost/o
ribs
61
62
thorac/o
chest or chest cavity
63
-thorax
chest or chest cavity
64
lung
main organ of respiration
65
lobes
a well-defined portion of an organ and is used in describing areas in the lung, liver, and other organs
66
lob/o
well defined portion
67
pneum/o
lung or air
68
pneumon/o
lung or air
69
pneu
lung or air
70
pulm/o
lung
71
pulmon/o
lung
72
parenchyma
refers to the functional elements of an organ, as opposed to the frame work
73
stroma
refers to the functional elements of an organ, as opposed to the frame work
74
mediastinum
the region between the lungs, houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, part of the bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus
75
pleura
a membranous sac that encases each lung
76
pleur/o
membrane surrounding the lung
77
pleurae
plural of pleura
78
parietal pleura
the outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
79
visceral pleura
the inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung
80
pleural space
the potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
81
pleural fluid
prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration and provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as it expands during inspiration
82
diaphragm
what separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities
83
dia-
across
84
phragm/o
wall
85
diaphragmat/o
diaphragm
86
phren/o
diaphragm
87
diaphragmatic hernia
an abnormal displacement of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen
88
inhalation or inspiration
the drawing in of breath
89
exhalation or expiration
the release of breath
90
spir/o
breath or breathing
91
-pnea
breathing
92
apnea
absence of breath
93
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
94
bradypnea
abnormally slow respiration rate
95
tachypnea
abnormally rapid respiration rate
96
hyperpnea
abnormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations
97
hypopnea
abnormally slow or shallow respirations
98
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid deep breathing, which results in decreases levels of cellular carbon dioxide
99
agonal breathing
respiration near death or during extreme suffering
100
ox/i, ox/o, or ox/y
O2
101
capn/o
CO2
102
hypoxia
inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply
103
hypercapnia
excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
104
hypocapnia
decrease in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood
105
respiratory acidosis
lower pH of the blood due to decreased ventilation
106
respiratory alkalosis
higher pH of the blood due to increased ventilation
107
metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
changes in blood pH from metabolic factors (such as vomiting or renal disease)
108
tidal volume
amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled and exhaled in one breath)
109
inspiratory reserve volume or complemental air
amount of air inspired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be inhaled after normal inspiration)
110
expiratory reserve volume or supplemental air
amount of air expired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be exhaled after normal expiration)
111
residual volume
air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration (amount of air trapped in alveoli)
112
dead space
air in the pathway of the respiratory system (termed dead because this air is not currently participating in gas exchange)
113
minimal volume
amount of air left in alveoli after lung collapses
114
vital capacity
largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung (tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes)
115
arterial blood gases (ABG)
lab testing in which pressure levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are measured in arterial blood
116
auscultation
act of listening
117
adventitious sounds
pathologic respiration sounds
118
bubbling
sound of popping bubbles that suggests fluid accumulation
119
crepitation, rales, or crackles
fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid filled alveoli during inspiration
120
decreased lung sounds
less or no sound of air movement, suggesting consolidation of lung tissue
121
consolidation
a condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic and air-filled because it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris
122
respiratory rate
number of respirations in one minute (inspiration and expiration is one)
123
rhonchi or wheezes
abnormal, continuous, musical high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration
124
stridor
snoring, squeaking, or whistling that suggests airway narrowing
125
vesicular sounds
sound resulting from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli
126
bronchoalveolar lavage
collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi and/or alveoli via an endoscope or through endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea caudally as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating sample
127
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchus
128
bronchiscope
an instrument to visually examine the bronchus
129
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the voice box
130
laryngoscope
an instrument used to visually examine the voice box
131
percussion
diagnostic procedure used to determine density in which sound is produced by tapping various body surfaces
132
phlegm
thick mucus secreted by the respiratory lining
133
sputum
mucus secretion from the lower respiratory tract
134
radiography
image of internal structures created by exposure of sensitized film to x-rays
135
spirometer
instrument used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs
136
sputum culture
procedure in which mucus from the lower respiratory tract is collected and placed in a predetermined media to allow microbes to reproduce
137
thoracocentesis or thoracentesis
puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
138
tracheal wash
collection of fluid or mucus from the trachea via an endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease
139
transtracheal wash (TTW)
sterile collection of fluid or mucus from the trachea via a catheter inserted through the skin into the trachea to assess respiratory disease
140
trephination
insertion of a hole-boring instrument into a sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to the roots of teeth
141
anoxia
absence of oxygen
142
asphyxiation
interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen
143
aspiration
inhalation of a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract
144
asthma
chronic allergic disorder
145
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the alveoli, also may mean collapse of a lung
146
bronchiectasis
dilation of the bronchi
147
sequela
a condition following as a consequences of a disease
148
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
149
acute
occurring over a short course with sudden onset
150
chronic
occurring over a long course with a progressive onset
151
bronchopneumonia
abnormal condition of the bronchi and lung
152
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
general term for abnormal condition in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed
153
cyanosis
abnormal condition of blue discoloration, caused by inadequate oxygen levels
154
emphysema
chronic lung disease caused by enlargement of the alveoli or changes in the alveolar wall
155
156
epistaxis
nosebleed
157
equine laryngeal hemiplegia or laryngeal hemiplegia or roaring
disorder of horses that is characterized by abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise associated with degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of the laryngeal muscle
158
-plegia
paralysis
159
hemoptysis
spitting of blood from the lower respiratory tract
160
hemothorax
accumulation of blood in the chest cavity
161
inflammation
localized protective response to destroy, dilute, or wall off injury
162
laryngitis
inflammation of the voice box
163
laryngoplegia
paralysis of the voice box
164
pharyngitis
inflammation of the throat
165
laryngospasm
sudden fluttering or closure of the voice box
166
phonation
act of producing sound
167
aphonation
inability to produce sound
168
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the plural space
169
effusion
fluid escaping from blood or lymphatic vessels into tissue or spaces
170
pleurisy or pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura
171
pleuropneumonia
abnormal condition of the pleura and lung (usually involves inflammation or congestion)
172
pneumonia
abnormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion of the lung
173
congestion
the abnormal accumulation of fluid
174
interstitial
pertains to the area between the cells
175
interstitial pneumonia
abnormal condition with increased fluid between the alveoli and a decreases in lung function
176
pneumothorax
abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the chest cavity
177
polyp
growth or mass protruding from a MM
178
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue
179
edema
abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue space
180
pulmonary fibrosis
abnormal formation of fibers in the alveolar
181
pyothorax
accumulation of pus in the chest cavity
182
pus
a fluid product of inflammation composed of leukocytes, exudate, and cell debris
183
rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal MM
184
rhinopneumonitis
inflammation of the nasal MM and lungs
185
rhinorrhea
nasal discharge
186
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinus
187
snuffles
common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits caused by the bacterium Pasturella multocida
188
stenotic nares
narrowed nostrils that reduce airflow
189
tracheitis
inflammation of the windpipe
190
tracheobronchitis
inflammation of the trachea and bronchi
191
upper respiratory infection (URI)
invasion of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, or larynx (or trachea) by pathological organisms
192
cough
sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
193
paroxysmal
spasmlike and sudden
194
tuss/i
cough
195
bronchoconstrictors
medication that narrows the opening into the lungs
196
bronchodilators
medication that expands the opening into the lungs
197
mucolytics
medication used to break down mucus
198
-lysis
break down or seperate
199
antitussives
medication used to control or prevent coughing
200
chest tube placement
a hollow device inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid or gas
201
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the windpipe
202
patent
open, unobstructed, or not closed
203
laryngectomy
surgical removal of the larynx
204
laryngoplasty
surgical repair of the voice box
205
lobectomy
surgical removal of a lobe
206
pharyngoplasty
surgical repair of the throat
207
pharyngostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the throat
208
stoma
an opening on a body surface that may occur naturally or may be created surgically
209
pharyngotomy
surgical incision into the throat
210
pleurectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the pleura
211
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of lung tissue
212
sinusotomy
surgical incision into the sinus
213
thoracotomy
surgical incision into the chest wall
214
tracheoplasty
surgical repair of the windpipe
215
tracheostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the windpipe
216
tracheotomy
surgical incision into the windpipe
