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VETT 118 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

A breath of fresh air

1
Q

respiratory system

A

the body system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells

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2
Q

respiration

A

the diffusion of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body

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3
Q

ventilation

A

a term that means the intake of fresh air

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4
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx

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5
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea and within the lungs the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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6
Q

nose

A

where air enters the body

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7
Q

nas/o

A

none

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8
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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9
Q

nostrils or nares

A

the paired external openings of the respiratory tract

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10
Q

endotherms

A

warm-blooded animals

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11
Q

nasal turbinates

A

scroll-like cartilages covered with highly vascular MM. They warn, humidify, and filter inspired air

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12
Q

meatus

A

separate the nasal cavity into passages

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13
Q

meat/o

A

opening or passageway

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14
Q

nasogastric tube

A

a tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach

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15
Q

cer/o

A

horn

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16
Q

vestibule

A

the rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity

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17
Q

sept/o

A

partition

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18
Q

Mucous membrane

A

a specialized form of epithelial tissue

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19
Q

mucus

A

a slimelike substance that is composed of glandular secretions, salts, cells, and leukocytes

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20
Q

cilia

A

thin hairs located inside the nostrils

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21
Q

debris

A

the remains of something destroyed or damaged

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22
Q

olfactory receptors

A

responsible for the sense of smell

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23
Q

olfact/o

A

smell

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24
Q

tonsils

A

lymphatic tissues that protects the nasal cavity and proximal throat

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25
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

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26
Q

sinus

A

an air-filled or fluid-filled space

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27
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus

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28
Q

pharynx

A

common passageway for the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, throat

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29
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat

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30
Q

nasopharynx

A

portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and dorsal to the soft palate

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31
Q

oropharynx

A

portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis

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32
Q

laryngopharynx

A

portion of the throat dorsal to the larynx that opens into the voice box and esophagus

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33
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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34
Q

epiglottis

A

acts like a lid and covers the larynx during swallowing

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35
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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36
Q

larynx

A

part of the respiratory tract located between the pharynx and trachea

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37
Q

voice box

A

larynx

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38
Q

vocal cords

A

contained in the larynx, which are paired membranous bands that help produce sounds

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39
Q

laryng/o

A

voice box

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40
Q

glottis

A

the space between the vocal cords

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41
Q

glott/o

A

glottis

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42
Q

syrinx

A

vocal separator for avian located between the trachea and bronchi

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43
Q

trachea or windpipe

A

extends from the neck to the chest

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44
Q

thorax

A

chest cavity

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45
Q

thoracic inlet

A

the junction between the neck and the chest

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46
Q

trache/o

A

windpipe

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47
Q

tracheal bifurcation

A

the distal end of the trachea divides into two branches

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48
Q

bronchi

A

the branches from the trachea

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49
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchi

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50
Q

principal or primary bronchus

A

the bronchus that leads into a separate lung

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51
Q

secondary or lobar bornchi

A

principal bronchi dividing into smaller branches

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52
Q

tertiary or sentimental bronchi

A

secondary bronchi dividing into smaller branches

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53
Q

bronchioles or bronchiolus

A

tertiary bronchi, contain no cartilage or glands

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54
Q

-ole

A

small

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55
Q

bronchilo/o

A

bronchiole

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56
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs

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57
Q

alveolus

A

grape like cluster at the end of the bronchiole

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58
Q

alveol/o

A

small sac

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59
Q

surfactant

A

liquid in the alveoli that reduces alveolar surface tension

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60
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

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61
Q
A
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62
Q

thorac/o

A

chest or chest cavity

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63
Q

-thorax

A

chest or chest cavity

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64
Q

lung

A

main organ of respiration

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65
Q

lobes

A

a well-defined portion of an organ and is used in describing areas in the lung, liver, and other organs

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66
Q

lob/o

A

well defined portion

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67
Q

pneum/o

A

lung or air

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68
Q

pneumon/o

A

lung or air

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69
Q

pneu

A

lung or air

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70
Q

pulm/o

A

lung

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71
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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72
Q

parenchyma

A

refers to the functional elements of an organ, as opposed to the frame work

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73
Q

stroma

A

refers to the functional elements of an organ, as opposed to the frame work

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74
Q

mediastinum

A

the region between the lungs, houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, part of the bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus

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75
Q

pleura

A

a membranous sac that encases each lung

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76
Q

pleur/o

A

membrane surrounding the lung

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77
Q

pleurae

A

plural of pleura

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78
Q

parietal pleura

A

the outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity

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79
Q

visceral pleura

A

the inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung

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80
Q

pleural space

A

the potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

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81
Q

pleural fluid

A

prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration and provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as it expands during inspiration

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82
Q

diaphragm

A

what separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

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83
Q

dia-

A

across

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84
Q

phragm/o

A

wall

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85
Q

diaphragmat/o

A

diaphragm

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86
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm

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87
Q

diaphragmatic hernia

A

an abnormal displacement of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen

88
Q

inhalation or inspiration

A

the drawing in of breath

89
Q

exhalation or expiration

A

the release of breath

90
Q

spir/o

A

breath or breathing

91
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

92
Q

apnea

A

absence of breath

93
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

94
Q

bradypnea

A

abnormally slow respiration rate

95
Q

tachypnea

A

abnormally rapid respiration rate

96
Q

hyperpnea

A

abnormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations

97
Q

hypopnea

A

abnormally slow or shallow respirations

98
Q

hyperventilation

A

abnormally rapid deep breathing, which results in decreases levels of cellular carbon dioxide

99
Q

agonal breathing

A

respiration near death or during extreme suffering

100
Q

ox/i, ox/o, or ox/y

A

O2

101
Q

capn/o

A

CO2

102
Q

hypoxia

A

inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply

103
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood

104
Q

hypocapnia

A

decrease in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood

105
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

lower pH of the blood due to decreased ventilation

106
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

higher pH of the blood due to increased ventilation

107
Q

metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

A

changes in blood pH from metabolic factors (such as vomiting or renal disease)

108
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled and exhaled in one breath)

109
Q

inspiratory reserve volume or complemental air

A

amount of air inspired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be inhaled after normal inspiration)

110
Q

expiratory reserve volume or supplemental air

A

amount of air expired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be exhaled after normal expiration)

111
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration (amount of air trapped in alveoli)

112
Q

dead space

A

air in the pathway of the respiratory system (termed dead because this air is not currently participating in gas exchange)

113
Q

minimal volume

A

amount of air left in alveoli after lung collapses

114
Q

vital capacity

A

largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung (tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes)

115
Q

arterial blood gases (ABG)

A

lab testing in which pressure levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are measured in arterial blood

116
Q

auscultation

A

act of listening

117
Q

adventitious sounds

A

pathologic respiration sounds

118
Q

bubbling

A

sound of popping bubbles that suggests fluid accumulation

119
Q

crepitation, rales, or crackles

A

fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid filled alveoli during inspiration

120
Q

decreased lung sounds

A

less or no sound of air movement, suggesting consolidation of lung tissue

121
Q

consolidation

A

a condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic and air-filled because it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris

122
Q

respiratory rate

A

number of respirations in one minute (inspiration and expiration is one)

123
Q

rhonchi or wheezes

A

abnormal, continuous, musical high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration

124
Q

stridor

A

snoring, squeaking, or whistling that suggests airway narrowing

125
Q

vesicular sounds

A

sound resulting from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli

126
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage

A

collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi and/or alveoli via an endoscope or through endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea caudally as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating sample

127
Q

bronchoscopy

A

visual examination of the bronchus

128
Q

bronchiscope

A

an instrument to visually examine the bronchus

129
Q

laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the voice box

130
Q

laryngoscope

A

an instrument used to visually examine the voice box

131
Q

percussion

A

diagnostic procedure used to determine density in which sound is produced by tapping various body surfaces

132
Q

phlegm

A

thick mucus secreted by the respiratory lining

133
Q

sputum

A

mucus secretion from the lower respiratory tract

134
Q

radiography

A

image of internal structures created by exposure of sensitized film to x-rays

135
Q

spirometer

A

instrument used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs

136
Q

sputum culture

A

procedure in which mucus from the lower respiratory tract is collected and placed in a predetermined media to allow microbes to reproduce

137
Q

thoracocentesis or thoracentesis

A

puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity

138
Q

tracheal wash

A

collection of fluid or mucus from the trachea via an endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease

139
Q

transtracheal wash (TTW)

A

sterile collection of fluid or mucus from the trachea via a catheter inserted through the skin into the trachea to assess respiratory disease

140
Q

trephination

A

insertion of a hole-boring instrument into a sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to the roots of teeth

141
Q

anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

142
Q

asphyxiation

A

interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen

143
Q

aspiration

A

inhalation of a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract

144
Q

asthma

A

chronic allergic disorder

145
Q

atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion of the alveoli, also may mean collapse of a lung

146
Q

bronchiectasis

A

dilation of the bronchi

147
Q

sequela

A

a condition following as a consequences of a disease

148
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi

149
Q

acute

A

occurring over a short course with sudden onset

150
Q

chronic

A

occurring over a long course with a progressive onset

151
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

abnormal condition of the bronchi and lung

152
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

general term for abnormal condition in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed

153
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal condition of blue discoloration, caused by inadequate oxygen levels

154
Q

emphysema

A

chronic lung disease caused by enlargement of the alveoli or changes in the alveolar wall

155
Q
A
156
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

157
Q

equine laryngeal hemiplegia or laryngeal hemiplegia or roaring

A

disorder of horses that is characterized by abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise associated with degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of the laryngeal muscle

158
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

159
Q

hemoptysis

A

spitting of blood from the lower respiratory tract

160
Q

hemothorax

A

accumulation of blood in the chest cavity

161
Q

inflammation

A

localized protective response to destroy, dilute, or wall off injury

162
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the voice box

163
Q

laryngoplegia

A

paralysis of the voice box

164
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the throat

165
Q

laryngospasm

A

sudden fluttering or closure of the voice box

166
Q

phonation

A

act of producing sound

167
Q

aphonation

A

inability to produce sound

168
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the plural space

169
Q

effusion

A

fluid escaping from blood or lymphatic vessels into tissue or spaces

170
Q

pleurisy or pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleura

171
Q

pleuropneumonia

A

abnormal condition of the pleura and lung (usually involves inflammation or congestion)

172
Q

pneumonia

A

abnormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion of the lung

173
Q

congestion

A

the abnormal accumulation of fluid

174
Q

interstitial

A

pertains to the area between the cells

175
Q

interstitial pneumonia

A

abnormal condition with increased fluid between the alveoli and a decreases in lung function

176
Q

pneumothorax

A

abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the chest cavity

177
Q

polyp

A

growth or mass protruding from a MM

178
Q

pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue

179
Q

edema

A

abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue space

180
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

abnormal formation of fibers in the alveolar

181
Q

pyothorax

A

accumulation of pus in the chest cavity

182
Q

pus

A

a fluid product of inflammation composed of leukocytes, exudate, and cell debris

183
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nasal MM

184
Q

rhinopneumonitis

A

inflammation of the nasal MM and lungs

185
Q

rhinorrhea

A

nasal discharge

186
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinus

187
Q

snuffles

A

common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits caused by the bacterium Pasturella multocida

188
Q

stenotic nares

A

narrowed nostrils that reduce airflow

189
Q

tracheitis

A

inflammation of the windpipe

190
Q

tracheobronchitis

A

inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

191
Q

upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

invasion of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, or larynx (or trachea) by pathological organisms

192
Q

cough

A

sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs

193
Q

paroxysmal

A

spasmlike and sudden

194
Q

tuss/i

A

cough

195
Q

bronchoconstrictors

A

medication that narrows the opening into the lungs

196
Q

bronchodilators

A

medication that expands the opening into the lungs

197
Q

mucolytics

A

medication used to break down mucus

198
Q

-lysis

A

break down or seperate

199
Q

antitussives

A

medication used to control or prevent coughing

200
Q

chest tube placement

A

a hollow device inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid or gas

201
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

passage of a tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the windpipe

202
Q

patent

A

open, unobstructed, or not closed

203
Q

laryngectomy

A

surgical removal of the larynx

204
Q

laryngoplasty

A

surgical repair of the voice box

205
Q

lobectomy

A

surgical removal of a lobe

206
Q

pharyngoplasty

A

surgical repair of the throat

207
Q

pharyngostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening into the throat

208
Q

stoma

A

an opening on a body surface that may occur naturally or may be created surgically

209
Q

pharyngotomy

A

surgical incision into the throat

210
Q

pleurectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of the pleura

211
Q

pneumonectomy

A

surgical removal of lung tissue

212
Q

sinusotomy

A

surgical incision into the sinus

213
Q

thoracotomy

A

surgical incision into the chest wall

214
Q

tracheoplasty

A

surgical repair of the windpipe

215
Q

tracheostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening into the windpipe

216
Q

tracheotomy

A

surgical incision into the windpipe

VETT 118 (7 decks)

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