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VETT 118 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Pertaining to the heart and vessels

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2
Q

Cardi/o

A

Heart

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3
Q

Thoracic or chest cavity

A

Cavity in which the heart and lungs are located

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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

Where the heart lies between the lungs, also contains the large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, and other structures

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5
Q

Pericardium

A

Double-walled membrane surrounding the heart

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6
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Tough external layer

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7
Q

Serous layer

A

Inner layer divided into two parts

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8
Q

Parietal layer

A

The serous layer that lines the fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

Visceral layer

A

The serous layer that lines the heart

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10
Q

Epicardium

A

Another term for the visceral layer, external layer of the heart

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11
Q

Pericardial space

A

Between the two serous layers of the pericardium

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12
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

The liquid in the pericardial space

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13
Q

Epi-

A

Upper

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14
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle and thickest layer of the heart, the actual heart muscle

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15
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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16
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer of the heart, lines the heart chambers and valves

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17
Q

Endo-

A

Within

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18
Q

Coronary arteries

A

The arteries that serve the heart

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19
Q

Coron/o

A

Crown

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20
Q

Coronary veins

A

Remove waste products from the myocardium

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21
Q

Coronary occlusion

A

Blockage of the coronary arteries or veins

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22
Q

Ischemia

A

A deficiency in the blood supply to an area

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23
Q

Necrosis

A

Tissue death

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24
Q

Infarction or infarct

A

A localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply

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25
Q

Atria or atrium

A

Craniodorsal chambers of the heart, all vessels come into the heart here

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26
Q

Atri/o

A

Atria

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27
Q

Interatrial septum

A

The separating wall or partition separating the left and right atria

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28
Q

Ventricles

A

Caudoventral chambers of the heart, pumping chambers of the heart, place where all vessels leave the heart

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29
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Ventricle

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30
Q

Interventricular septum

A

The separating wall or partition separating the left and right ventricle, in reptiles it is not complete

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31
Q

Apex

A

The narrow tip of the heart

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32
Q

Valve

A

Membranous fold

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33
Q

Valv/o or valvul/o

A

Valves

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34
Q

Tricuspid valve or right atrioventucular valve

A

Controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventrical

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35
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

The valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and controls blood entering the lungs

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36
Q

Mitral/bicuspid valve ot left atrioventricular valve

A

Controls the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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37
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Located between the left ventrical and teh aorta and controls blood entering the artial system

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38
Q

Heartbeat

A

Rate and regularity of the heart rhythm

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39
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time

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40
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat

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41
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Located in the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes rhythm of the heart

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42
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Establish the basic rhythm of the heart, less developed in the atria and are usually associated with the ventricles

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43
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atrial contraction, which forces blood into the ventricles

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44
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Located in the interatrial septum, conducts impulses more slowly than the SA node does, allows the ventricles to fill with blood

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45
Q

Bundle of His

A

Located in the interventricular space, carrys impulses through the ventricular muscle, causing ventricles to contract

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46
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricular contraction that forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

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47
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

normal heart rhythm

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48
Q

arrhythmia

A

abnormal rhythm

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49
Q

dysrhythmia

A

abnormal rhythm

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50
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

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51
Q

diastole

A

atria fills with blood, dilation, ventricular relaxation

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52
Q

electrocardiogram

A

the record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

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53
Q

palpitation

A

heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm

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54
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions

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55
Q

flutter

A

cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular

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56
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heartbeat

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57
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid heartbeat

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58
Q

paroxysm

A

sudden convulsion or spasm

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59
Q

normal sinus arrhythmia

A

irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration

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60
Q

asystole

A

without contraction or lack of heart activity, flat line on EKG/ECG

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61
Q

syncope

A

temporary suspension of respiration and circulation

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62
Q

gallop

A

low-frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole

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63
Q

preload

A

the ventricular end-diastolic volume or the volume of blood entering the right side of the heart

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64
Q

afterload

A

the impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure

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65
Q

electrocardiography

A

the process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

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66
Q

leads

A

conductors of an EKG

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67
Q

auscultation

A

the act of listening to body sounds and usually involves the use of a stethoscope

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68
Q

stethoscope

A

an instrument use to listen

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69
Q

stetho-

A

chest

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70
Q

-scope

A

instrument to visually examine or monitor

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71
Q

heart murmur

A

an abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood

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72
Q

insufficiency

A

inability to perform at the proper level

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73
Q

holosystolic

A

occurs during the entire ventricular contraction phase

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74
Q

pansystolic

A

occurs during the entire ventricular contraction phase

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75
Q

holo-

A

all

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76
Q

pan-

A

all

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77
Q

systolic murmur

A

between the first and second heart sound

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78
Q

diastolic

A

between the second and first heart sound

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79
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing

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80
Q

crescendo murmurs

A

abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively increase in loudness

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81
Q

decrescendo murmurs

A

progressively decrease in loudness

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82
Q

thrill

A

vibrations felt on palpation of the chest

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83
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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84
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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85
Q

lumen

A

the opening in a vessel through which fluid flows

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86
Q

constriction

A

narrowing of the vessel diameter

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87
Q

dilation

A

widening of the vessel diameter

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88
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

things that narrow a vessels diameter

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89
Q

vasodilators

A

things that widen a vessels diameter

90
Q

hilus

A

the depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ

91
Q

arteries

A

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart (oxygenated except for pulmonary)

92
Q

arteri/o

A

arteries

93
Q

aorta

A

the mail trunk of the arterial system that begins at the left ventricle of the heart

94
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

95
Q

celiac artery

A

supplies the liver, stomach and spleen

96
Q

celi/o

A

belly

97
Q

renal arteries

A

supply the kidneys

98
Q

ovarian arteries

A

supply the overies

99
Q

testicular arteries

A

supply the testicles

100
Q

subclavian artery

A

located under the collarbone

101
Q

arterioles

A

smaller branches of the arteries, carries blood to the capillaries

102
Q

arter/i

A

vessel that carries blood away from the heart

103
Q

-ole

A

small

104
Q

capillaries

A

single cell thick vessels that connect arterial and venous systems

105
Q

perfusion

A

blood flow through the tissues

106
Q

capillary refill time (CRT)

A

indicator of perfusion, obtained by applying pressure to the MM and timing how long it takes for the pink color to return

107
Q

venules

A

are tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins, connect to the capillaries

108
Q

veins

A

low-pressure collecting system that returns blood to the heart, thinner and less elastic than arteries

109
Q

ven/o

A

vein

110
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

111
Q

intervenous

A

within a vein

112
Q

perivascular

A

around the vessels

113
Q

intra-arterial

A

within an artery

114
Q

jugular vein

A

drains blood from the head and neck area

115
Q

femoral veins

A

drains blood from the legs

116
Q

renal veins

A

drain blood from the kidneys

117
Q

azygous vein

A

single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures

118
Q

a-

A

without

119
Q

zygon

A

yolk or pair

120
Q

blood pressure

A

the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls

121
Q

viscosity

A

resistance to flow

122
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure

123
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measures the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels

124
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

125
Q

man/o

A

pressure

126
Q

-meter

A

device

127
Q

systolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles contract and is highest towards the end of the stroke output of the left ventricles

128
Q

diastolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles relax and is lowest late in ventricular dilation

129
Q

tensi/o

A

pressure or tension

130
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

131
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

132
Q

antihypertensives

A

drugs used to lower blood pressure

133
Q

angiocaridiography

A

radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast material

134
Q

angiocardiogram

A

resulting films from the radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast material

135
Q

angiography

A

radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection of radiopaque material

136
Q

angiogram

A

the film produced from the radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection of radiopaque material

137
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into blood vessels and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow

138
Q

echocardiography

A

process of evaluating the heart structures using sound waves

139
Q

ech/o

A

sound

140
Q

doppler echocardiography

A

uses the differences in frequency between sound waves and their echos to measure the velocity of a moving object

141
Q

electrocardiography

A

process of recording the electrical of the heart

142
Q

electrocardiogram

A

the record of the electrical activity of the heart

143
Q

electrocardiograph

A

the machine that records the electrical activity of the heart

144
Q

holter monitor

A

24-hour ECG/EKG that records the heart rates and rhythms onto a specialized tape recorder

145
Q

radiography

A

procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to x-rays

146
Q

radiograph

A

the resulting film from the procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to x-rays

147
Q

tourniquet

A

constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood

148
Q

aneurysm

A

localized balloon like enlargement of an artery

149
Q

angiopathy

A

disease of vessels

150
Q

aortic insufficiency

A

inability of the aortic valves to perform at the proper levels, resulting in blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta

151
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening and narrowing of the arteries

152
Q

plaque

A

patch or raised area

153
Q

ather/o

A

plaque or fatty substance

154
Q

atrial septal defect

A

opening in the wall dividing the right and left atria that may allow blood to move from the high pressure right atrium to the low pressure left atrium

155
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in the pericardial sac

156
Q

cardiomegaly

A

heart enlargement

157
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle

158
Q

hypertropic (cardiomyopathy)

A

excessive growth of the left ventricle

159
Q

dilated (cardiomyopathy)

A

thin walled left ventricle

160
Q

congestive

A

dilated cardiopyopathy

161
Q

carditis

A

inflammation of the heart

162
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the body’s needs

163
Q

Congestion

A

accumulation of fluids

164
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces

165
Q

ascites

A

fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity seen in dogs secondary to CHF and other diseases

166
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membranes encasing the lungs and is seen in cats secondary to CHF

167
Q

diuretics

A

increase urination, used to relieve fluid accumulation

168
Q

cor pulmonale

A

alterations in the structure or function of the right ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension

169
Q

cor

A

heart

170
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

171
Q

dirofilariosis (formally dirofilariasis)

A

heart-worm infection

172
Q

microfilariae

A

larvae of mature heart-worms

173
Q

caval syndrome

A

obstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heart-worm infestation

174
Q

prophylactic medication

A

used to prevent heart-worms

175
Q

prophylaxis

A

prevention

176
Q

adulticide

A

substance that kills mature or adult heart-worms

177
Q

microfilaricide

A

substance that kills larvae or juvenile heart-worms

178
Q

embolus

A

foreign object (clot, air, or tissue) that is circulating in the blood

179
Q

embolism

A

blockage of a vessel by a foreign object

180
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes the heart valves

181
Q

heart block

A

interference with the electricalhe conduction of the heart

182
Q

hemangioma

A

benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels

183
Q

hematoma

A

collection of blood

184
Q

hypercapnia

A

above-normal levels of carbon dioxide, results in reduced levels of oxygen and may cause bluish tinge to the skin and MM

185
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced levels of oxygen

186
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish tinge

187
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

188
Q

hypocapnia

A

below normal levels of carbon dioxide

189
Q

infarction

A

localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply

190
Q

ischemia

A

deficiency in blood supply

191
Q

isch/o

A

hold back

192
Q

mitral stenosis

A

narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve

193
Q

mitral valve insufficiency

A

inability of the left atrioventricular valve to perform at proper level

194
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

abnormal protrusion of the left atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of the valve

195
Q

occlusion

A

blockage in a vessel or passageway in the body

196
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

persistence of the fetal communication between the left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth

197
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

198
Q

pulmonic stenosis

A

narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle

199
Q

regurgitation

A

back-flow, used to describe the back-flow of blood cause by imperfect closure of heart valves

200
Q

shock

A

inadequate tissue perfusion

201
Q

resuscitation

A

the restoration of life

202
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

addresses only the cardiac and respiratory system

203
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that classically has four anatomical defects in the heart: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

204
Q

thromboembolism

A

the blockage of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation

205
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery

206
Q

thrombosis

A

an abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a blood vessel

207
Q

anticoagulants

A

substances that prevent blood clotting

208
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel

209
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

opening in the wall dividing the right and let ventricles that may allow blood to shunt from the right ventricle to the left ventricle without becoming oxygenated

210
Q

shunt

A

to bypass or divert

211
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of the blood or lymph vessels

212
Q

transluminal

A

means the procedure is done through the opening of a vessel

213
Q

percutaneous

A

means the procedure is done through the skin

214
Q

angiorrhaphy

A

suture of a vessel

215
Q

arteriectomy

A

surgical removal of part of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

216
Q

arteriotomy

A

incision of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

217
Q

central venous pressure

A

tension exerted by blood in the cranial vena cava

218
Q

defibrillation

A

use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart rhythm

219
Q

hemostasis

A

control or stoppage of bleeding

220
Q

stent

A

smaller expander implanted in a blood vessel to prevent it from collapsing

221
Q

transfusion

A

introduction of whole blood or blood components into the blood stream of the recipient

222
Q

valvotomy

A

surgical incision into a valve or membranous flap

VETT 118 (7 decks)

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