Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiovascular
A
Pertaining to the heart and vessels
2
Q
Cardi/o
A
Heart
3
Q
Thoracic or chest cavity
A
Cavity in which the heart and lungs are located
4
Q
Mediastinum
A
Where the heart lies between the lungs, also contains the large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, and other structures
5
Q
Pericardium
A
Double-walled membrane surrounding the heart
6
Q
Fibrous pericardium
A
Tough external layer
7
Q
Serous layer
A
Inner layer divided into two parts
8
Q
Parietal layer
A
The serous layer that lines the fibrous pericardium
9
Q
Visceral layer
A
The serous layer that lines the heart
10
Q
Epicardium
A
Another term for the visceral layer, external layer of the heart
11
Q
Pericardial space
A
Between the two serous layers of the pericardium
12
Q
Pericardial fluid
A
The liquid in the pericardial space
13
Q
Epi-
A
Upper
14
Q
Myocardium
A
Middle and thickest layer of the heart, the actual heart muscle
15
Q
My/o
A
Muscle
16
Q
Endocardium
A
Inner layer of the heart, lines the heart chambers and valves
17
Q
Endo-
A
Within
18
Q
Coronary arteries
A
The arteries that serve the heart
19
Q
Coron/o
A
Crown
20
Q
Coronary veins
A
Remove waste products from the myocardium
21
Q
Coronary occlusion
A
Blockage of the coronary arteries or veins
22
Q
Ischemia
A
A deficiency in the blood supply to an area
23
Q
Necrosis
A
Tissue death
24
Q
Infarction or infarct
A
A localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply
25
Atria or atrium
Craniodorsal chambers of the heart, all vessels come into the heart here
26
Atri/o
Atria
27
Interatrial septum
The separating wall or partition separating the left and right atria
28
Ventricles
Caudoventral chambers of the heart, pumping chambers of the heart, place where all vessels leave the heart
29
Ventricul/o
Ventricle
30
Interventricular septum
The separating wall or partition separating the left and right ventricle, in reptiles it is not complete
31
Apex
The narrow tip of the heart
32
Valve
Membranous fold
33
Valv/o or valvul/o
Valves
34
Tricuspid valve or right atrioventucular valve
Controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventrical
35
Pulmonary semilunar valve
The valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and controls blood entering the lungs
36
Mitral/bicuspid valve ot left atrioventricular valve
Controls the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle
37
Aortic semilunar valve
Located between the left ventrical and teh aorta and controls blood entering the artial system
38
Heartbeat
Rate and regularity of the heart rhythm
39
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time
40
Stroke volume
The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat
41
Sinoatrial node
Located in the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes rhythm of the heart
42
Purkinje fibers
Establish the basic rhythm of the heart, less developed in the atria and are usually associated with the ventricles
43
Atrial systole
Atrial contraction, which forces blood into the ventricles
44
Atrioventricular node
Located in the interatrial septum, conducts impulses more slowly than the SA node does, allows the ventricles to fill with blood
45
Bundle of His
Located in the interventricular space, carrys impulses through the ventricular muscle, causing ventricles to contract
46
Ventricular systole
Ventricular contraction that forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
47
Sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm
48
arrhythmia
abnormal rhythm
49
dysrhythmia
abnormal rhythm
50
systole
ventricular contraction
51
diastole
atria fills with blood, dilation, ventricular relaxation
52
electrocardiogram
the record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
53
palpitation
heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm
54
fibrillation
rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions
55
flutter
cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular
56
bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat
57
tachycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat
58
paroxysm
sudden convulsion or spasm
59
normal sinus arrhythmia
irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration
60
asystole
without contraction or lack of heart activity, flat line on EKG/ECG
61
syncope
temporary suspension of respiration and circulation
62
gallop
low-frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole
63
preload
the ventricular end-diastolic volume or the volume of blood entering the right side of the heart
64
afterload
the impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure
65
electrocardiography
the process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
66
leads
conductors of an EKG
67
auscultation
the act of listening to body sounds and usually involves the use of a stethoscope
68
stethoscope
an instrument use to listen
69
stetho-
chest
70
-scope
instrument to visually examine or monitor
71
heart murmur
an abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood
72
insufficiency
inability to perform at the proper level
73
holosystolic
occurs during the entire ventricular contraction phase
74
pansystolic
occurs during the entire ventricular contraction phase
75
holo-
all
76
pan-
all
77
systolic murmur
between the first and second heart sound
78
diastolic
between the second and first heart sound
79
stenosis
narrowing
80
crescendo murmurs
abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively increase in loudness
81
decrescendo murmurs
progressively decrease in loudness
82
thrill
vibrations felt on palpation of the chest
83
angi/o
vessel
84
vas/o
vessel
85
lumen
the opening in a vessel through which fluid flows
86
constriction
narrowing of the vessel diameter
87
dilation
widening of the vessel diameter
88
vasoconstrictors
things that narrow a vessels diameter
89
vasodilators
things that widen a vessels diameter
90
hilus
the depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ
91
arteries
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart (oxygenated except for pulmonary)
92
arteri/o
arteries
93
aorta
the mail trunk of the arterial system that begins at the left ventricle of the heart
94
aort/o
aorta
95
celiac artery
supplies the liver, stomach and spleen
96
celi/o
belly
97
renal arteries
supply the kidneys
98
ovarian arteries
supply the overies
99
testicular arteries
supply the testicles
100
subclavian artery
located under the collarbone
101
arterioles
smaller branches of the arteries, carries blood to the capillaries
102
arter/i
vessel that carries blood away from the heart
103
-ole
small
104
capillaries
single cell thick vessels that connect arterial and venous systems
105
perfusion
blood flow through the tissues
106
capillary refill time (CRT)
indicator of perfusion, obtained by applying pressure to the MM and timing how long it takes for the pink color to return
107
venules
are tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins, connect to the capillaries
108
veins
low-pressure collecting system that returns blood to the heart, thinner and less elastic than arteries
109
ven/o
vein
110
phleb/o
vein
111
intervenous
within a vein
112
perivascular
around the vessels
113
intra-arterial
within an artery
114
jugular vein
drains blood from the head and neck area
115
femoral veins
drains blood from the legs
116
renal veins
drain blood from the kidneys
117
azygous vein
single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures
118
a-
without
119
zygon
yolk or pair
120
blood pressure
the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls
121
viscosity
resistance to flow
122
pulse
the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure
123
sphygmomanometer
measures the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels
124
sphygm/o
pulse
125
man/o
pressure
126
-meter
device
127
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contract and is highest towards the end of the stroke output of the left ventricles
128
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles relax and is lowest late in ventricular dilation
129
tensi/o
pressure or tension
130
hypertension
high blood pressure
131
hypotension
low blood pressure
132
antihypertensives
drugs used to lower blood pressure
133
angiocaridiography
radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast material
134
angiocardiogram
resulting films from the radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast material
135
angiography
radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection of radiopaque material
136
angiogram
the film produced from the radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection of radiopaque material
137
cardiac catheterization
radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into blood vessels and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow
138
echocardiography
process of evaluating the heart structures using sound waves
139
ech/o
sound
140
doppler echocardiography
uses the differences in frequency between sound waves and their echos to measure the velocity of a moving object
141
electrocardiography
process of recording the electrical of the heart
142
electrocardiogram
the record of the electrical activity of the heart
143
electrocardiograph
the machine that records the electrical activity of the heart
144
holter monitor
24-hour ECG/EKG that records the heart rates and rhythms onto a specialized tape recorder
145
radiography
procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to x-rays
146
radiograph
the resulting film from the procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to x-rays
147
tourniquet
constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood
148
aneurysm
localized balloon like enlargement of an artery
149
angiopathy
disease of vessels
150
aortic insufficiency
inability of the aortic valves to perform at the proper levels, resulting in blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta
151
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries
152
plaque
patch or raised area
153
ather/o
plaque or fatty substance
154
atrial septal defect
opening in the wall dividing the right and left atria that may allow blood to move from the high pressure right atrium to the low pressure left atrium
155
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in the pericardial sac
156
cardiomegaly
heart enlargement
157
cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle
158
hypertropic (cardiomyopathy)
excessive growth of the left ventricle
159
dilated (cardiomyopathy)
thin walled left ventricle
160
congestive
dilated cardiopyopathy
161
carditis
inflammation of the heart
162
congestive heart failure (CHF)
syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the body's needs
163
Congestion
accumulation of fluids
164
edema
accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces
165
ascites
fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity seen in dogs secondary to CHF and other diseases
166
pleural effusion
abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membranes encasing the lungs and is seen in cats secondary to CHF
167
diuretics
increase urination, used to relieve fluid accumulation
168
cor pulmonale
alterations in the structure or function of the right ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension
169
cor
heart
170
pulmon/o
lung
171
dirofilariosis (formally dirofilariasis)
heart-worm infection
172
microfilariae
larvae of mature heart-worms
173
caval syndrome
obstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heart-worm infestation
174
prophylactic medication
used to prevent heart-worms
175
prophylaxis
prevention
176
adulticide
substance that kills mature or adult heart-worms
177
microfilaricide
substance that kills larvae or juvenile heart-worms
178
embolus
foreign object (clot, air, or tissue) that is circulating in the blood
179
embolism
blockage of a vessel by a foreign object
180
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes the heart valves
181
heart block
interference with the electricalhe conduction of the heart
182
hemangioma
benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels
183
hematoma
collection of blood
184
hypercapnia
above-normal levels of carbon dioxide, results in reduced levels of oxygen and may cause bluish tinge to the skin and MM
185
hypoxia
reduced levels of oxygen
186
cyanosis
bluish tinge
187
cyan/o
blue
188
hypocapnia
below normal levels of carbon dioxide
189
infarction
localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply
190
ischemia
deficiency in blood supply
191
isch/o
hold back
192
mitral stenosis
narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve
193
mitral valve insufficiency
inability of the left atrioventricular valve to perform at proper level
194
mitral valve prolapse
abnormal protrusion of the left atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of the valve
195
occlusion
blockage in a vessel or passageway in the body
196
patent ductus arteriosus
persistence of the fetal communication between the left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth
197
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
198
pulmonic stenosis
narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle
199
regurgitation
back-flow, used to describe the back-flow of blood cause by imperfect closure of heart valves
200
shock
inadequate tissue perfusion
201
resuscitation
the restoration of life
202
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
addresses only the cardiac and respiratory system
203
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that classically has four anatomical defects in the heart: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
204
thromboembolism
the blockage of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation
205
thrombus
blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
206
thrombosis
an abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a blood vessel
207
anticoagulants
substances that prevent blood clotting
208
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
209
ventricular septal defect
opening in the wall dividing the right and let ventricles that may allow blood to shunt from the right ventricle to the left ventricle without becoming oxygenated
210
shunt
to bypass or divert
211
angioplasty
surgical repair of the blood or lymph vessels
212
transluminal
means the procedure is done through the opening of a vessel
213
percutaneous
means the procedure is done through the skin
214
angiorrhaphy
suture of a vessel
215
arteriectomy
surgical removal of part of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
216
arteriotomy
incision of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
217
central venous pressure
tension exerted by blood in the cranial vena cava
218
defibrillation
use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart rhythm
219
hemostasis
control or stoppage of bleeding
220
stent
smaller expander implanted in a blood vessel to prevent it from collapsing
221
transfusion
introduction of whole blood or blood components into the blood stream of the recipient
222
valvotomy
surgical incision into a valve or membranous flap
