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Social Welfare - Final Exam > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that cause an individual
to leave their home country

A

push factors

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2
Q

Factors that attract individuals to a
receiving country

A

Pull factors

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3
Q

voluntary migration

A

climate related migration

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4
Q

involuntary

A

war and conflict
poverty and economics
violence and safety

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5
Q

Canada: Historically, immigration policies
demonstrated clear political considerations
about the ‘____________ from
which the Canadian ‘nation’ should be built,
and economic considerations about who
________________.

A
  • ideal’ source countries
  • would best be able to contribute to the
    economy
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6
Q

These considerations were based on _______,
____________and_______

A

racism,
exploitation
White supremacy

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7
Q

Canada celebrates our history with the __________, which constitutes only about 30 years of
Canada’s history (between 1833-1861)

A

Underground Railroad

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8
Q

However, there has been a _______________ of
Canada’s 200+ years of slavery of Black and Indigenous peoples and a minimization of its violence and brutality

A

systemic erasure

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9
Q

French settler colonizers petitioned which king to send Black slaves to help build Canada?

A

King Louis XIV

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10
Q

Many fugitive slave ads listed slaves as “_________”, but many Black slaves were brought from the ________________.

A
  • African born
  • Caribbean, southern colonies, and elsewhere in the global slave trade
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11
Q

t or false: there are also records of Indigenous people as slaves

A

true

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12
Q

Black Coalition of Quebec organizes a pilgrimage every year to the

A

mass unmarked graves of slaves

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13
Q

helped to build the trans-Canada
railway system in the late 1800

A

Chinese immigrants

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14
Q

what did the canadian gov want to limit?

A

limit permanent immigration
from Chinese immigrants

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15
Q

Implemented a ban on immigration of ____________ to encourage Chinese immigrants to return to
China

A

female family members

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16
Q

Created Head Tax of $50 on all
immigrants of Chinese origin, increased to $500 in
1903

A

Chinese Head Tax

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17
Q

Government of Canada
apologized in 2006 and

A

offered compensation to
survivors

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18
Q

Increased economic migration from
members of the Commonwealth from the Indian sub- continent

A

Continuous journey requirement

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19
Q

To impede this immigration and to get around
Commonwealth requirements, Canada implemented a rule that stated…

A

only allowed entry for immigrants who came
directly (non-stop) from their country of origin

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20
Q

Government also tried to create barriers for
immigration by putting pressure on commercial
shipping agents to refuse to sell

A

direct passage to Indians

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21
Q

Introduced in 1967 and eliminated official discrimination against applicants from certain countries of origin

Prospective immigrants evaluated based on a system in which points were allocated for different characteristics to assess their potential to economically contribute to Canada

A

Points system

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22
Q

Arranged employment, language (French or English), positive long-term adjustment without dependence on__________

A

the government (e.g., age, education and training,
“personal qualities”)

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23
Q

The introduction of the points system and removal of race-based restrictions led to an…

A

increase in newcomers from regions such as:
- Asia,
- Africa,
- The Middle East,
- South and Central American,
- The Caribbean

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24
Q

TRUE OR fALSE: Contributed to the introduction of official multiculturalism policies; however, racism was no longer a reality in the experiences of many racialized immigrants.

A

false; racism was still an issue

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25
Q

Designed to respond to Canada’s
economic and labour needs
Largest stream of immigrants

A

economic stream

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26
Q

Most programs within this stream
are based on the ___________

A

points system

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27
Q

Awards most points for certain criteria:

A
  • Education Proficiency in one official language
  • Employment experience
  • Age
  • “Adaptability” criteria
  • Relatives in Canada, arranged employment
28
Q

economic streams also includes smaller programs for individuals who
can significantly contribute to _________ in Canada

A

economic activity

29
Q

What other programs do economic streams include?

A

Programs for entrepreneurs/business owners who
can demonstrate ability to create jobs in Canada

Programs for self-employed people in the arts or
sports who can contribute significantly to Canadian
culture

30
Q
  • Originally, program provided a path to permanent residency for live-in caregivers from certain countries who came to Canada under the temporary Live In Caregiver Program.
  • Required people to work a certain number of years as a caregiver living in the home of their employer before eligible for permanent residency
  • Program highly gendered and racialized
A

Economic stream: caregiver program

31
Q

Changes to caregiver program is due to

A

widespread documented concerns about
abuses and exploitation of workers under this system

32
Q

changes that were made to caregiver system include:

A
  • Requirements that caregiver live with their employer have been removed.
  • Provisions allowing for caregivers to be accompanied
    by family members have been added
33
Q

Based in the human right to family life; allows Canadians who are over 18 years of age to sponsor certain family members for permanent residency in Canada

A

family class stream

34
Q

true or false: Both the Canadian citizen (the sponsor) and the sponsored family
member must meet certain eligibility criteria

A

true

35
Q

Most common sponsored relationships are ________ and _________ under age 2

A
  • spousal or common- law partners
  • dependent children
36
Q

Family class stream must…

A

document and prove relationship

37
Q

Sponsor must also sign an official document taking
on _____________for the basic needs of the sponsored family member for a designated
period of time

A

full financial responsibility

38
Q

This financial obligation remains even if the sponsor’s ___________ (e.g. they become unemployed) or if the ___________ (e.g. a
spousal relationship terminates)

A
  • economic situation changes
  • the relationship changes
39
Q
  • smallest stream in terms of arrivals
A

refugee stream

40
Q

1) has a fear pf persecution because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group.

A

A refugee

41
Q

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another

A

asylum seekers

42
Q

non-reciprocal, temporary work -
drawing from employees from
developing countries (most often)

A

Temporary Foreign Worker Program

43
Q

t or f: for the temporary foreign worker program employees do not have to do a Labour
Impact Assessment to show no
Canadians can fill the role suitably

A

false: they do have to

44
Q

true or false: for the temporary foreign worker program, Workers cannot move between
employers

A

true

45
Q

what are the issues of the temporary foreign worker program?

A
  • ‘low-skilled’ workers
  • Seasonal Agricultural Workers
    Program
  • low-wage positions program
  • high-wage positions program
  • Working caregivers (are able to
    qualify for permanent residency).
46
Q

Criticisms of Temporary Foreign Worker
Program

A
  • employer-specific permits
  • employer-provided housing
  • cannot unionize
  • Difficult getting overtime payments
  • Difficulty with EI (though they contribute!)
  • No permanent status even though many return year after year
47
Q

the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

A

MULTICULTURALISM

48
Q

Settlement theories/acculturation theories - position of immigrants in society is a consequence of numerous factors:

A
  • immigrants’ attitudes, values, behaviours in host country
  • host country’s culture
  • host country attitudes toward immigrants
49
Q

Policy level - 1971

A

Pierre Trudeau

50
Q

settlement challenges include

A

poverty (difficulty finding jobs)

language

housing

racism, exclusion, discrimination

Navigating complex systems

Separation from family, social isolation

51
Q

employment barriers

A
  • Recent immigrants - looking for jobs OR
    underemployed
  • Low income - 1980 - 1.4x rate of Canadians
    2009 - 23.8% Ontario immigrants <5 years
    vs. overall 13.1%
    Those in province for 10+ years - low
    income rate 19.1%
52
Q

employment barriers: finding work

A

Many are more highly skilled - but still experience
disproportionately high rates of poverty,
unemployment, underemployment etc.

53
Q

Federal government awards points under points
system when you apply to immigrate
but provincial colleges adjudicate accreditation

A

International credential recognition

54
Q

Employment Barriers: Racism and Discrimination

A

Names - European-sounding names & resumés

Culture - “selling oneself” at job interviews

Gender - family responsibilities, childcare,
intersectionality with other identities

Language - both before and after securing a job
Discriminatory remarks - micro- and macro- agressions

Earning differentials - bigger when immigrant is
racialized

55
Q

the tendency for the higher echelons of any organization to be populated by people with certain traits - white, cisgender, male, able-bodied (often these traits cluster where someone may be all

A

glass ceiling effect

56
Q

Struggles with Official Languages and Education Barriers

A

Language proficiency -affects trajectory of settlement
- experience
- employment
- accessing services (healthcare, language classes - childcare availability, lack of time, lack of permanent status.)
- awareness of rights
- Migration as on older child affects school outcomes
Children of immigrants have higher educational
outcomes than third-generation counterparts

57
Q

racism and housing access - being told “no
room at the inn”
cost of housing, especially in urban centres
quality of housing

A

Housing Access

58
Q

Positive relationships are buffers against
settlement-related stresses
Separation from one’s children or worry about
family members in dangerous situations relationships are buffers against

A

family seperation

59
Q

Immigrants generally healthier on arrival
compared to Canadian-born counterparts
However, health outcomes eventually
converge - immigrants’ health deteriorates
Pre-migration trauma
Migration process
Refugees sponsored by private groups -
pressure to adjust, adapt, conform to their
sponsor’s expectations

A

health

60
Q

unfamiliarity with mainstream
Canadian foods

A

ethnicity

61
Q

interaction with gender-based
violence (GBV), poverty, language ability, extra
caregiving responsibilities

A

gender

62
Q

applying for and being granted Canadian citizenship have to be a permanent resident who has lived 3 of the last 5 years in Canada have filed taxes be proficient in one of official languages
demonstrate knowledge of Canada

A

Naturalization

63
Q

Canada generally deports temporary and undocumented migrants, but sometimes PR
or those divested of citizenship

A

Deportation

64
Q

refused entry by Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA)
denied refugee claimants
overstayed temporary visas
other undocumented

A

Temporary and undocumented migrants

65
Q

“cessation” - refugees who went to visit home country briefly may lose status in
Canada
commit crime with maximum jail sentence of >10 years
jail sentence > 6 months

A

permanent residents

66
Q

if found to have misrepresented yourself on your application
Citizens (naturalized OR Canadian-born) with dual citizenship who are:
convicted of treason
convicted of terrorism
spying abroad
involved in organized ‘armed conflict’ within Canada

A

permanent residents and citizens

Social Welfare - Final Exam (5 decks)

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