Chapter 8

Question 1

Refers to the , acquisition, expansion, exploitation
of territory that belonged to one group of people by another group of people who are not original
peoples of the area

Answer 1

Colonization

Question 2

“The wealth of Indigenous peoples, their land and
resources, have effectively been stolen for
generations.

Answer 2

settler colonialism

Question 3

The first inhabitants of a land who have experienced the colonization of their land and cultures

Answer 3

Indigenous

Question 4

is a term used to describe Aboriginal peoples
of Canada who are ethnically neither Métis nor Inuit.

Answer 4

First Nations

Question 5

refers to a collective of cultures
and ethnic identities that resulted from unions
between Aboriginal and European people in
what is now Canada.

Answer 5

Metis

Question 6

Aboriginal peoples who live in the far northern and artic regions of Canada. They are distinct culturally and legally from First Nations peoples and the Metis

Answer 6

Inuit

Question 7

intended to create mutually agreed
upon conditions for the relations
between Indigenous peoples and
settlers, including relations for the
sharing of land and resources
“Each day that Indigenous rights are
not honoured or fulfilled, inequalities
between Indigenous peoples and
settler society grows”

Answer 7

treaties

Question 8

Each day that Indigenous rights are
not honoured or fulfilled, inequalities
between Indigenous peoples and
settler society__________

Answer 8

grows

Question 9

Multiple treaties were signed pre-
confederation by

Answer 9

British government

Question 10

series of numbered treaties signed post-
confederation starting with Treaty
No 1 (1871): Ojibway and Swampy
Cree of Manitoba.

Answer 10

Numbered treaties

Question 11

The territory that is now called Windsor is covered by the ….

Answer 11

Upper Canada Treaties

Question 12

Many if not all
treaties were written in such a way
that it appears that First Nations
surrendered all of their rights to land in
exchange for _______ and ________

Answer 12

for small reserves and
meagre compensation.

Question 13

Important to recognize that there are two versions of treaties based in the different cultures and
traditions of Indigenous peoples and settler
colonizers:

Answer 13

oral and written

Question 14

-gorunded in the traditions of indigenous people
-what is said and promised verbally

Answer 14

oral

Question 15

-grounded in the traditions of settler people.
- what is written down and signed

Answer 15

written

Question 16

Even though treaties are intended to be entered into equally from positions of mutual respect and agreement, the government of Canada’s interpretation of treaties today clearly reflect the intersts and perspectives of _________ over that of _______________.

Answer 16

• colonizers
• Indigenous peoples

Question 17

Recognized version

Answer 17

written version

Question 18

Written version is in what language?

Answer 18

in language of the settler colonizers

Question 19

Resolution of disputes is through what system?

Answer 19

through the systems of the settler
colonizers (legal system and courts)

Question 20

Indigenous perspective:
Oral agreements based on an understanding that:

Answer 20

• Treaties are not a surrender of the land and resources but are agreements about the sharing of land and resources.
• Treaties are based in peaceful co-existence, friendship, mutual respect.
• Treaties reflect a nation to nation relationship.

Question 21

Designation by the Supreme Court of Canada for
territories in which there is no signed
agreement/treaty on how to share the land

Answer 21

Aboriginal title lands

Question 22

Almost _______ in Canada is not under a
treaty

Answer 22

half of the land

Question 23

First significant legislation concerning Indigenous
peoples in Canada; issued by King George III. Recognized Indigenous land rights and self-government.

Answer 23

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Question 24

Indicated land could only be relinquished via
“____________” to the Crown and recognized
that tribal councils still made decisions about their
own people.

Answer 24

voluntary cessions

Question 25

“Those nations that did not treaty,
therefore, should have been
_________under these agreements,
but instead they were, and are,
forced continually to __________

Answer 25

• protected
• forced continually to fight to have
  their jurisdiction over their land

Question 26

surrender land implies…

Answer 26

that one owns the land (that it is private property that can be transferred from one owner to
another)

Question 27

Established Canadian federal government and
asserted its control over Indigenous affairs
Asserted the federal government’s exclusive
authority to “legislate in relation to Indians and the
lands reserved for Indians”

Answer 27

British North American Acte

Question 28

True or false? Federal control officially replaced Indigenous self governments under Canadian law (in the eyes of settler colonizers, not in the eyes of Indigenous peoples who never consented to such a replacement)

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Under Canadian law, asserted Canadian
government’s complete control and authority over
the Cultural, Social, Economic Political.

Activities of those persons defined in the act as an
“Indian”

Answer 29

Indian act of 1876

Question 30

The indian act under Canadian law, asserted Canadian government’s complete control and authority over the:

Answer 30

• Cultural
• Social
• Economic
• Political
  Activities of those persons defined in the act as an
  “Indian”

Question 31

were created from the 1876 Indian
Act and designed to undermine and replace centuries of traditional governments across Canada. They were, and are extremely limited in their authority and entirely subject to officials in the federal government

Answer 31

Band councils

Question 32

True or false: Band councils are sovereign, abide by ancestral law, have definitive connection with
traditional culture and govern nothing outside of
their respective reserves.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Under international law a band council…

Answer 33

• has no substance
• no meaning
• no standing
• They cannot enter into treaty or trade compacts with a nation.
• they cannot abide by a distinct Native justice system
• they cannot create their own banking system
• they cannot design their own homes
• they cannot buck the social service apparatus which has strangled any
  attempt by Indigenous people to rise above their
  oppressive circumstances

Question 34

No law can be passed, enacted or enforce by the
band councils without ______________

Answer 34

the express consent of the
federal government.

Question 35

The Indian Act is a paradigmatic
symbol of Canada’s _____________over
First Nation lives.

Answer 35

oppressive social control

Question 36

True or false:In indian act determined who could call themselves ‘Indian’ creating two classes of Indians-
Status and non-Status-based on racialized and
gender stereotypes.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

Indian act defined who was an “Indian” under Canadian law:

Answer 37

• Male person of Indian blood belonging to a
  particular band
• Child of such person
• Any woman who is or was lawfully married to
  such a person

Question 38

applied provincial laws to Status
Indians

Answer 38

1951 amendment

Question 39

what was the result of 1951 amendment?

Answer 39

• Status Indians were now officially effected by
  provincial policies re: education and child
  welfare
• child welfare policies began to be enforced on
  reserves, resulting in the widespread removal
  of Indigenous children from their communities
  and culture (Sixties Scoop)
  45

Question 40

Until 1985 when the Indian Act was amended,
Indigenous women with Status who married non-
Status Indians lost their Indian Status (as did their
children)

Answer 40

gender discrimination

Question 41

True or false: Indigenous men who married non-Status women, however, were able to retain their legal Status

Answer 41

true

Question 42

true or false: Only Indigenous women who married Status Indian men had the legal Indian Status

Answer 42

true

Question 43

refers specifically to a parcel of land and
is not synonymous with nation,
community or band; the community
that occupies a reserve will often
have a different name than the
reserve itself.

Answer 43

Reserve system

Question 44

is a legal term referencing a tract of land set aside under the Indian Act and relevant treaties for the exclusive use of members of a specific Indian band

Answer 44

In canada, a reserver

Question 45

What is reserve referred to in america?

Answer 45

reservation

Question 46

True or false :The lands are are owned by the band but not held in trust by the Crown

Answer 46

false; are not owned, held in trsut by the crown

Question 47

The creation of reserves in Canada was a means of

Answer 47

exerting colonial power and “regulating and controlling First Nations movement and ways of living

Question 48

At the stroke of a pen, reserves divided up not only
lands but ________

Answer 48

people and Nations that had existed for
hundreds if not thousands of years.

Question 49

families, houses and clans that had hunted and gathered together for generations were abruptly and arbitrarily joined with other families and houses, disrupting __________ and long-established kinship systems that determined
who could hunt, fish, and gather in a particular area

Answer 49

social networks

Question 50

True or false: A reserve is different than a First Nation’s traditional territory, as the reserve borders were imposed by the government and
often excluded important traditional territories

Answer 50

True

Question 51

traditional territories are the lands occupied by a _________ over generations that hold _________for that Nation

Answer 51

• first nations
• significance

Question 52

The reserve system relocated some First Nations to reserves in areas that were ……

Answer 52

completely disconnected from their
traditional lands and territories

Question 53

According to the Indian Act, only __________ could live permanently on a reserve, unless the Nation has adopted other residency regulations stipulating who may live there

Answer 53

registered Status Indians

Question 54

The Indian Act also gave the Minister of Indian Affairs significant control and authority over reserve activities… Give an example

Answer 54

construction of houses on reserves (which were
based on Western nuclear family units rather than
designed for extended families)

Question 55

who apologized on behalf of the Canadian government for the residential school system

Answer 55

Prime Minister Stephen Harper

Question 56

true or false :the apology from stephen harper came after the implementation of the Indian Residential School Truth and reconciliation commission.

Answer 56

true

Question 58

what are the limitations?

Answer 58

• The apology was only limited to abuses suffered in the residential school system
• No acknowledgement of treaty violations
• No acknowledgement of theft of land or resources
• No acknowledgment of historical and ongoing institutional racism

Question 59

the destruction of those structures and practices that allow the group to continue as a group

Answer 59

cultural genocide

Question 60

Canada’s cultural genocide included…

Answer 60

• Destruction of political and social institutions
• seizure of land Restriction of movement
• Prohibiting use of language
• Persecution of spiritual leaders
• Prohibition of spiritual practices
• Disruption of families to prevent the transmission
  of cultural values and identity from one generation to the next.

Question 61

Felt that all people should be equal and no one
group should be allowed to have a special
relationship with the government

Answer 61

The white paper

Question 62

who was strongly opposed to giving any
group in Canada “special status” or “special rights”

Answer 62

Pierre Trudeau

Question 63

The white paper recommended____________ of Indigenous peoples to lands and services and the disbanding of the Indian Affairs Department.

Answer 63

removing the entitlement

Question 64

the white paper recommended __________ for First Nations to the provinces from the federal government

Answer 64

transferring jurisdiction

Question 65

• Response of Indigenous chiefs in
  Alberta to the White Paper
• Asserted the distinct legal and cultural
  rights of Indigenous peoples
• Called for cultural pluralism Self-sufficiency and self-determination the goals; rejected a policy of integration.

Answer 65

Citizen’s Plus (Red Paper)

Question 66

• Established by Parliament in 1991 in response to the Oka Crisis
• Charged with making recommendations on how to best address historical problems between Canadian government and Indigenous people and to propose specific solutions.

Answer 66

Royal Commission on Aboriginal
Peoples

Question 67

T or F: The royal commission on aboriginal peoples consulted with Indigenous people and used traditional Indigenous teachings in molding recommendations.

Answer 67

true

Question 68

Final recommendation published in 1996 final report proposed that:

Answer 68

• The Canadian government return to its original
  “nation to nation” relationship with Indigenous
  governments
• The basis of this new relationship be mutual
  recognition, mutual respect, sharing, and mutual
  responsibility/