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geog 272 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Outgassing

A

the release of trapped gases from rocks, forced out through cracks, fissures, and volcanoes from within Earth; the terrestrial source of Earth’s water

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2
Q

Eustasy

A

change in global sea level caused by changes in the volume of water in the oceans glacio-eustatic; sea-level changes caused specifically bu glacial ice melt

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3
Q

what pourcentage of the water on earth is in the oceans

A

97.22%

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4
Q

what pourcentage of water is fresh

A

2.78%

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5
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

a simplified model of the flow of water, ice, and water vapour from place to place. Water flows through the atmosphere and across the land, where it is stored as ice and as groundwater. Solar energy empowers the cycle

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6
Q

Transpiration

A

the movement of water vapour out through the pores in leaves in the atmosphere; the water is drawn by the plant roots from soil-moisture storage

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7
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

the merging of evaporation and transpiration water loss into one term
14% of the water entering Earth’s atmosphere

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8
Q

Interception

A

a delay in the fall of precipitation toward Earth’s surface caused by vegetation or other ground cover

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9
Q

Infiltration

A

water access to subsurface of soil moisture storage through penetration of the soil surface

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10
Q

Overland flow

A

surplus water flows across the land surface toward stream channels. Together with precipitation and subsurface flows, it constitutes the total runoff from an area

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11
Q

surface runoff

A

when soils are saturated or when the ground is impermeable

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12
Q

Percolation

A

the process by which water permeates the soil or porous rock into the surface environment (goes trought)

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13
Q

Soil-moisture zone

A

the area of water stored in soil between the ground surface and water table. Water in this zone may be available or unavailable to plant roots, depending on soil texture characteristics

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14
Q

what pourcentage of precipitation over land infiltrates the subsurfaces

A

76%

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15
Q

what pourcentage of this water returns to the atmosphere either by evaporation from soil or transpiration from plants

A

85%

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16
Q

Base flow

A

the portion of streamflow (when water go down stream, like a river) that consists of groundwater, groundwater that comes back to the surface

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17
Q

Water budget

A

measuring the input of precipitation and its distribution and the outputs of evapotranspiration, including evaporation from ground surfaces and transpiration from plants, and surface runoff, also the moisture that is stored in the soil-moisture zone. Can cover any time frame, from minutes to years

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18
Q

Surplus

A

the amount of moisture that exceeds potential evapotranspiration; moisture oversupply when soil-moisture storage is at field capacity; extra or surplus water

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19
Q

Deficit

A

the amount is unsatisfied

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20
Q

Precipitation

A

rain, snow, and hail - the moisture supply

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21
Q

Rain gauge

A

a weather instrument; a standardized device that captures and measures rainfall

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22
Q

Potential evapotranspiration

A

the amount of water that would evaporate and transpire under optimum moisture conditions when adequate precipitation and soil moisture are present, PE

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23
Q

Actual evapotranspiration

A

AE; the actual amount of evaporation and transpiration that occurs; derived in the water balance by subtracting the deficit (D) from potential evapotranspiration (PE)

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24
Q

Soil-moisture storage

A

STRGE; the retention of moisture within soil; it is a savings account that can accept deposits (soil-moisture recharge) or allow withdrawals (soil-moisture utilization) as conditions change, the volume of water in the subsurface soil-moisture zone that is accessible to plant roots

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25
Q

Hygroscopic water

A

that portion of soil moisture that is so tightly bound to each soil particle that it is unavailable to plant roots; the water, along with some bound capillary water, that is left in the soil after the wilting point is reached

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26
Q

Wilting point

A

that point in the soil-moisture balance when only hygroscopic water and some bound capillary water remain. Plants wilt and eventually die after prolonged stress from a lack of available water

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27
Q

Capillary water

A

soil moisture, most of which is accessible to plant roots; held in the soil by water’s surface tension and cohesive forces between water and soil, held in pores that are small enough to hold water against gravity, but not so tightly that roots cannot absorb it

28
Q

Field capacity

A

water held in the soil by hydrogen bonding against the pull of gravity, remaining after water drains from the larger pore spaces; the available water for plants
Gravitational water: that portion of surplus water that percolates downward from the capillary zone, pulled by gravity to the groundwater zone

29
Q

Soil-moisture utilization

A

the extraction of soil moisture by plants for their needs; efficiency of withdrawal decreases as the soil-moisture storage is reduced

30
Q

soil-moisture recharge

A

water entering available soil storage spaces

31
Q

Permeability

A

the ability of water to flow through soil or rock; a function of the texture and structure of the medium

32
Q

Drought

A

does not have a simple water-budget definition; rather, it can occur in at least four forms: meteorological drought, agricultural drought, hydrologic drought, and socioeconomic drought

33
Q

Meterological drought

A

degree of dryness, as compared to a regional average, and the duration of dry conditions

34
Q

Agricultural drought

A

shortages of precipitation and soil moisture affect crop yields

35
Q

Hydrological drought

A

effects of precipitation shortage (both rain and snow) on water supply, such as when streamflow decreases, mountain snowpack declines, etc…

36
Q

Socioeconomic drought

A

reduced water supply causes the demand for goods or services to exceed the supply, such as when hydroelectric power production declines with reservoir depletion

37
Q

where is stored the largest amount of surface freshwater on Earth

A

in glaciers, permafrost, and polar ice

38
Q

where does the surface runoff and base flow from groundwater move across Earth’s surface

A

in rivers and streams

39
Q

rivers and lakes

A

Fed by precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater, and store about 125 000 km3, or about 0.33% of the freshwater on Earth’s surface

40
Q

Effects of Climate Change on Lakes

A
  • Change in the thermal structure of a lake
  • Some lake levels are rising in response to the melting of glacial ice; others fall as a result of drought and high evaporation rates
41
Q

advantages and disadvantage of hydroelectric Power

A

Advantages; flood control, water-supply storage, power production
Disadvantage; water pollution, relocation of many people

42
Q

Hydropower

A

electricity generated using the energy of moving water, usually flowing downhill through the turbine at a dam; also called hydroelectric power

43
Q

Transfer of water over long distances in pipelines and aqueducts is especially important where

A

in dry regions where the most dependable water resources are far from population centres

44
Q

Wetland

A

an area that is permanently or seasonally saturated with water and characterized by vegetation adapted to hydric soils; highly productive ecosystem with an ability to trap organic matter, nutrients, and sediment

45
Q

Groundwater

A

water beneath the surface that is beyond the soil-root zone; a major source of potable water

46
Q

what is the main source of groundwater

A

precipitation

47
Q

what pourcentage of the world’s irrigation comes from underground water

A

80%

48
Q

what pourcentage of the world’s drinking water comes from groundwater

A

50%

49
Q

Zone of aeration

A

a zone above the water table that has air in its pore spaces and may or may not have water

50
Q

Zone of saturation

A

a groundwater zone below the water table in which all pore spaces are filles with water, bounded at the bottom by an impermeable layer of rock that obstructs further downward movement of water 0

51
Q

Water table

A

the upper surface of groundwater; that contact point between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration in an unconfined aquifer

52
Q

Aquifer

A

a body of rock that conducts groundwater in usable amounts; a permeable rock layer

53
Q

Unconfined aquifer:

A

has an opening on top which allows the groundwater to get directly recharded by precipitation for example

54
Q

Confined aquifer

A

bounded above and below by impermeable layers of rock or unconsolidated materials

55
Q

Aquiclude

A

an impermeable rock layer or body of unconsolidated materials that blocks groundwater flow and forms the boundary of a confined aquifer

56
Q

Potentiometric surface

A

a pressure level in a confined aquifer, defined by the level to which water rises in wells; causes by the fact that the water in a confined aquifer is under the pressure of its own weight also known as a piezo metric surface. This surface can extend above the surface of the land, causing water to rise above the water table in wells in confined aquifers

57
Q

Artesian Water

A

pressurized groundwater that rises in a well or a rock structure above the local water table; may flow out onto the ground without pumping

58
Q

Cone of depression

A

the depressed shape of the water table around a well after active pumping. The water table adjacent to the well is drawn down by the water removal, drawdown

59
Q

what is a possible effect of removing water from an acquirer

A

the ground will lose internal support and collapse as a result
On the surface, the visible result may be land subsidence, cracks in foundations, sinkholes, and changes in surface drainage

60
Q

Groundwater mining

A

pumping an aquifer beyond its capacity to flow and recharge; an overuse of the groundwater resource

61
Q

Desalination

A

in a water resources context, the removal of organics, debris, and salinity from seawater through distillation or reverse osmosis to produce potable water

62
Q

what happen if groundwater get polluted and how it happen

A
  • remains polluted virtually forever
  • industrial injection wells, septic tank outflows, seepages from hazardous-waste disposal sites, industrial toxic waste, agriculture residues, urban solid-waste landfills
63
Q

fracking

A

uses an injected fluid to feature the shale
- Leaks cause build-up of methane in groundwater, leading to contaminated drinking water wells, flammable tap water, methane accumulation in buildings, and possible explosions
- google; the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc. so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas.

64
Q

what percentage of Earth’s renewable water does Canada have

A

9%

65
Q

Consumptive use

A

refers to the permanent removal of water from the immediate water environment. This water is nor returned and so is not available for a second or third use. Examples include water lost to evapotranspiration, consumed by humans or livestock, or used in manufacturing

65
Q

Water withdrawal

A

sometimes called nonconsumptive use or offstream use, refers to the removal or diversion of water from surface of groundwater supplies followed by the subsequent return of that water to the same supply. Exemples include water use by industry, agriculture, and municipalities and in steam - electric power generation. A portion of the water withdrawn may be consumed.

66
Q

Instream use

A

refers to uses of streamflow while it remains in the channel, without being removed. Examples include transpiration, waste dilution and removal, hydroelectric power production, fishing, recreation, and ecosystem maintenance, such as sustaining wildlife

geog 272 (11 decks)

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