chapter 1

Question 1

physical geography

Answer 1

physical geography use spatial perspective to examine processes and events happening at specific locations, analyze air, water, land, and living systems

Question 2

open and closed systems,

Answer 2

open system is when inputs of energy and matter flow into the system, and outputs of energy and matter flow from the system, like the earth and the sun, close system is when its shut off from the surrounding environment so that it is self-contained, like the earth and the its material resources,

Question 3

Explain earths reference grid; latitude and longitude and latitudinal geographic zones and time

Answer 3

time, 360 degrees (360°), each degree is 60 minutes (60’), each minutes is 60 seconds (60”), latitude, parallel to the equator, longitude, perpendicular to the equator so parallel to the meridian, latitudinal geographic zones, equatorial, tropical, subtropical, midlatitude, subarctic, subantarctic, arctic, antarctic

Question 4

Describe modern geoscience techniques - the global positioning systems (GPS) remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS)

Answer 4

GPS, relies on satellites in orbit to provide precise location and elevation, like remote sensing utilizes spacecraft, aircraft, and ground-based sensors to provide visual data that enhance our understanding of earth, GIS, is a means for storing and processing large amounts of spacial data as separate layers of geographic information, user friendly

Question 5

Location

Answer 5

the exact location of a people, places, and things

Question 6

Region

Answer 6

area

Question 7

Human - Earth relationships

Answer 7

resources utilization and exploitation, impact of environmental modification and artificial landscape creation

Question 8

Movement

Answer 8

migration, communication, and the interaction of people and processes across space

Question 9

Place

Answer 9

tangible and intangible characteristics that make each location unique

Question 10

Spatial analysis

Answer 10

examination of spacial interactions, patterns, and variations over area and or space

Question 11

Process

Answer 11

actions and changes that occur in some special order

Question 12

Earth systems science

Answer 12

interacting set of physical, chemical, and biological systems that produce the processes of a whole- earth system

Question 13

Sustainability science

Answer 13

sustainable development related to functioning earth systems

Question 14

System

Answer 14

any ordered, interrelated set of materials or items existing separate from the environment or within a boundary, link by flows of energy and matter, link together

Question 15

Feedback loop

Answer 15

a portion of system output is returned as an information input, causing changes that guide further system operation

Question 16

Steady-state equilibrium

Answer 16

the rates of inputs and outputs in the system are equal and the amounts of energy and matter in storage within the system are constant

Question 17

Threshold

Answer 17

tipping point, no longer maintain is character, lurches to a new operational level, may not be compatible with previous conditions anymore

Question 18

Geodesy

Answer 18

science that determines earths shape and size through surveys, mathematical means, and remote sensing

Question 19

Geoid

Answer 19

the earth shape, not a perfect sphere

Question 20

Photogrammetry

Answer 20

the science of obtaining accurate measurements from aerial photos and remote sensing; used to create and improve surface maps

Question 21

Equal area

Answer 21

a trait of a map projection; indicates the equivalence of all areas on the surface of the map, although shape is distorted

Question 22

True shape

Answer 22

a map property showing the correct configuration of coastlines

Question 23

Rhumb line

Answer 23

constant line which intersects all meridians at the same angle, is straight on a mercator projection, for a plane, it would be the shortest distance between two points

Question 24

Spatial

Answer 24

nature and character of physical space, a place where we are speak about something

Question 25

Atmosphere

Answer 25

air, energy from sun

Question 26

Hydrosphere

Answer 26

water. Creating life, cryosphere (the frozen portion of water on earth)

Question 27

Lithosphere

Answer 27

ground, supporting life

Question 28

Biosphere

Answer 28

ecosystem, essentiel for life, or ecosphere

Question 29

Abiotic

Answer 29

non living, 3, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere

Question 30

Biotic

Answer 30

living, 1, biosphere

Question 31

Albedo

Answer 31

is the ration of reflected solar radiation to the total incoming solar radiation, positive feedback

Question 32

A great circle

Answer 32

any circle of earth’s circumference whose centre coincides with the centre of earth, there’s only one, the equatorial parallel

Question 33

International date line

Answer 33

along the 180th meridian were you changed date of the day, not only an hour

Question 34

Graphic scale

Answer 34

the scale enlarge or reduce with the map

Question 35

Remote sensing

Answer 35

observing earth from space, acquisition of information about distant objects without having physical contact

Question 36

Passive remote sensing

Answer 36

records wavelengths of energy radiated from a surface, particularly visible light and infrared, our own eyes are passive remote sensors

Question 37

Active remote-sensing

Answer 37

direct a beam or energy at a surface and analyze the energy reflected back, radar

Question 38

Geovisualization

Answer 38

is the technique of adjusting geospatial data sets in real time

Question 39

Geography

Answer 39

The science that studies the interdependence and interaction among geographic areas, natural systems, processes, society, and cultural activities over space, a spacial science, geo mean earth, graphein mean to write

Question 40

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 40

When a system demonstrate a changing trend over time to a new operation level as it reaches a threshold called tipping point