chapter 4

Question 1

Transmission

Answer 1

the passage of shortwave and longwave energy through space, the atmosphere, or water

Question 2

Sensible heat

Answer 2

heat that can be measured with a thermometer; a measure of the concentration of kinetic energy from molecular motion

Question 3

Radiation

Answer 3

infrared energy radiates from the burner to the saucepan and the air

Question 4

Conduction

Answer 4

energy conducts through the molecules of the pan and the handle

Question 5

Convection

Answer 5

the water physically mixes, carrying heat energy vertically by convection,

Question 6

Advection

Answer 6

horizontal movement of air or water from one place to another, ex; wind

Question 7

Scattering

Answer 7

changing direction of light’s movement without altering its wavelengths, deflection and redirection of insolation by atmospheric gases, dust, ice, and water vapour; thus, skies in the lower atmosphere are blue

Question 8

Rayleigh scattering rule

Answer 8

the shortest the wavelength, the greater the scattering

Question 9

Diffuse radiation

Answer 9

the downward component of scattered incoming insolation from clouds and the atmosphere, incoming energy that reaches earths surface after scattering

Question 10

Direct radiation

Answer 10

travel in a straight line to Earth’s surface without being scattered or otherwise affected by material in the atmosphere

Question 11

why is the ski bleu or the sunset and sunrise red

Answer 11

this principle applies to radiation scattered by small gas molecule and related the amount of scattering in the atmosphere to wavelengths of light, shorter wavelengths are scattered more, longer wavelengths are scattered less, the blue and violet are the shorter wavelength so they are more scattered that was we see the ski blue when the sun is overhead, but when the sun is at the horizon the blue wavelengths are getting scattered so we see the residual red and orange

Question 12

Refraction

Answer 12

change in speed and direst of light, the bending effect on electromagnetic waves that occurs when isolation enters the atmosphere or another medium; the same process disperses the component colours of the light passing through a crystal or prism

Question 13

Mirage

Answer 13

an image that appear near the horizon when light waves are refracted by layer of air at different temperatures

Question 14

Reflection

Answer 14

a portion of arriving energy bounces directly back into space

Question 15

Albedo

Answer 15

the reflective quality, or intrinsic brightness of a surface, an important control over the amount of isolation that reaches earths, 100% is total absorption, 0% is total reflectance
Light surfaces are more reflective than dark surfaces, have higher albedo values
Smooth surface is better than rough surface

Question 16

Earthshine

Answer 16

the glow of earths albedo, or the sunshine reflected off Earth

Question 17

Absorption

Answer 17

assimilation and conversion of radiation from one form to another, converting the radiation from one form of energy to another *when a material absorb the light instead of reflecting it

Question 18

effect of aerosols

Answer 18

readily absorb radiation and reradiate heat black towards Earth, with warming effects, especially black carbon

Question 19

Global dimming

Answer 19

the decline in sunlight reaching Earth’s surface due to pollution, aerosols, and clouds

Question 20

Greenhouse effect

Answer 20

the process whereby radiatively active gases absorb and emit the energy at longer wavelength, which are retained longer, delaying the loss of infrared to space

Question 21

Greenhouse gases

Answer 21

gases in the lower atmosphere that delay the passage of longwave radiation to space by absorbing and reradiating specific wavelength (carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases like CFCs

Question 22

what can clouds do

Answer 22

Clouds reflects shortwave insolation, so that less isolation reaches Earth’s surface, and they absorb longwave radiation leaving earth, they are trapped by an insulating cloud layer can create a warming of Earth’s atmosphere called the greenhouse effect

Question 23

Cloud albedo forcing

Answer 23

an increase in albedo (the reflectivity of a surface) caused by clouds due to their reflection of incoming insolation, result in cooling

Question 24

Cloud greenhouse forcing

Answer 24

an increase in greenhouse warming caused by clouds because they can act like insulation (prevent the loss of heat), trapping longwave (infrared) radiation, result in warming, greenhouse effects exceed albedo effects

Question 25

Jet contrails

Answer 25

condensation trails produced by aircraft exhaust, particulates, and water vapour can form high cirrus clouds, sometimes called false cirrus clouds

Question 26

what pourcentage of the solar energy is reflected back to space

Answer 26

31%

Question 27

what pourcentage of the longwave radiation are going back into space

Answer 27

69%

Question 28

what pourcentage of the absorb energy the atmosphere radiates back to space

Answer 28

58%

Question 29

what is carrying with them water and energy that they are redistributing across the globe

Answer 29

Winds, ocean currents, tropical cyclones

Question 30

Microclimatology

Answer 30

is the science of physical conditions, including radiation, heat, and moisture, in the boundary layer at or near Earth’s surfaces

Question 31

Net radiation (NET R)

Answer 31

the net all-wave radiation available at Earth’s surface; the final outcome of the radiation balance process between incoming shortwave insolation and outgoing longwave energy , incoming shortwave - outgoing longwave
Negative net radiation happen in the ice covered surfaces
Positive NET R must somehow dissipate, or lose, heat

Question 32

Latent heat flux, Latent heat of evaporation (LE)

Answer 32

water absorb large quantities of this latent heat as it changes state to water vapour, thereby removing this heat energy from the surface, the dominant expenditure of Earth’s entire NET R

Question 33

Sensible heat flux, Sensible heat (H)

Answer 33

the heat transferred back and forth between air and surface in turbulence eddies through convection and conduction within materials, one-fifth of the Earth’s entire NET R

Question 34

Ground heat flux, Ground heating and cooling (G)

Answer 34

the flow of energy into and out of the ground surface (land or water) by conduction, overall the G value is zero because the stored energy from spring and summer is equalled by losses in fall and winter

Question 35

Urban heat island (UHI)

Answer 35

un urban microclimate that is warmer on average than areas in the surrounding countryside because of the interaction of solar radiation and various surface characteristics
because urban surfaces like metal, glass, concrete, asphalt retain heat, also because of pollution produce by human activity like transportation and industry

Question 36

Dust dome

Answer 36

airborne pollution trapped by certain characteristics of air circulation in UHI; the pollutant collect with the decrease in wind speed in urban centres; then rise as the surface heats and remain in the air above the city

Question 37

when is Minimum temperature

Answer 37

is a little after sunrise

Question 38

when is the Maximum NET R

Answer 38

at noon

Question 39

when is the Maximum temperature

Answer 39

14h-16h

Question 40

Sensible heat

Answer 40

energy that we can feel and measure

Question 41

Lantent ‘‘hidden’’ heat

Answer 41

the heat that is gained or lost in phase changes, the energy absorbed by or released from a substance during a change in state