chapter 5

Question 1

Apparent temperature

Answer 1

outdoor temperature as it is perceived by humans,

Question 2

Factors affecting apparent temperature

Answer 2

water vapour (content of the air), and wind

Question 3

Wind-chill factor

Answer 3

quantifies the enhanced rate at which body heat is lost to the air, as wind speeds increase, heat loss from the skin increases, and the wind-chill factor rises

Question 4

Wind-chill temperature index

Answer 4

a chart plotting the temperature we feel as a function of actual air temperature and wind speed, accurate tool for assessing the dangers to humans from winter winds and freezing temperatures

Question 5

Frostbite

Answer 5

the lower wind-chill values on the chart present a serious freezing hazard

Question 6

Hypothermia

Answer 6

a condition of abnormally low body temperature that occurs when the human body is losing heat faster than it can be produced

Question 7

Temperature

Answer 7

is a measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules in matter, a measure of sensible heat energy present in the atmosphere and other media
*not a form of energy, but is related to the amount of energy in a substance

Question 8

Absolute zero, or ) absolute temperature

Answer 8

the temperature at which atomic and molecular motion in. Matter completely stops (-273° Celsius, -459,67° Fahrenheit, and 0 Kelvin

Question 9

Fahrenheit

Answer 9

Daniel G. Fahrenheit, a German physicist, melting point of ice at 32°F, separated by 180 subdivisions from the boiling point of water at 212°F

Question 10

Celsius

Answer 10

Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, melting point of ice at 0°C and the boiling temperature of water at sea level at 100°C, diving his scale into 100 degrees using a decimal system

Question 11

Kelvin

Answer 11

British physicist Lord Kelvin, temperatures readings proportional to the actual kinetic energy in a material, melting point for ice is 272K, and its boiling point of water is 373K, 100 units higher, one Kelvin unit is the same size as one Celsius degree

Question 12

Thermometer

Answer 12

measure the air temperature

Question 13

Mercury thermometers

Answer 13

mercury freezes at -39°C

Question 14

Alcohol thermometers

Answer 14

alcohol freezes at -112°C

Question 15

instrument to measure day to day temperature

Answer 15

Standard instrument shelters contain a thermistor, which measures temperature by sensing the electrical resistance of a semiconducting material

Question 16

Satellites

Answer 16

measure land-surface temperature (LST)

Question 17

Temperature depends on what

Answer 17

on latitude, altitude and elevation, cloud cover, and land-water heating differences, the effects of human activity are altering some of there natural controls on temperature

Question 18

Latitude

Answer 18

variation in these two factors - sun angle and daylength - throughout the year drive the seasonal effect of latitude on temperature

Question 19

Altitude and Elevation

Answer 19

temperature decrease with increasing altitude above Earth’s surface, as the atmosphere thins, it contains less sensible heat

Question 20

Altitude

Answer 20

refers to airborne objects or heights above Earth’s surface

Question 21

Elevation

Answer 21

refers to the height of a point on Earth’s surface above some plane of reference, such as elevation above sea level

Question 22

what happen at high elevation

Answer 22

At high elevation the temperature range between day and night is greater than at low elevations, and the difference between areas of sunlight and shadow is greater

Question 23

Slope/hill aspect

Answer 23

direction slope is facing, flat no aspect, south facing receive most insolation

Question 24

Slope/hill angle

Answer 24

determines angle of incident radiation, influence varies diurnally and seasonally

Question 25

Cloud cover

Answer 25

at night, clouds act as an insulating layer that reradiates longwave energy back to Earth, preventing rapid energy loss to space (can also create warmer nights), during the day, clouds reflect insolation, lowering daily maximum temperatures, shading affect
At any given moment, approximately 50% of Earth is covered by clouds
Clouds are the most variable factor influencing Earth’s radiation budget
High albedo

Question 26

Land-water heating differences

Answer 26

differences in the degree and way that land and water heat, as a result of contrasts in transmission, transparency, evaporation, mixing, movement, and specific heat capacities, land surfaces heat and cool faster than water

Question 27

Evaporation - Land-water heating differences

Answer 27

when water evaporates, it changes from liquid to vapour, absorbing heat energy from the immediate environment in the process and storing it as latent heat, resulting in a lowering of temperatures
84% of all evaporation on Earth is from the oceans

Question 28

Transparency - Land-water heating differences

Answer 28

soils and water differ in their transmission of light: soil ground is opaque; water is transparent. Maximum and minimum daily temperatures for soil surfaces generally occur at the ground level. The transparency of water results in the distribution of available heat energy over a much greater depth and volume, forming a larger reservoir of energy storage than that which occurs on land

Question 29

Specific heat - Land-water heating differences

Answer 29

the increase of temperature in a material when energy is absorbed (the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of 1°C); water has a higher specific heat (can store more heat), cool more slowly than a comparable volume of soil or rock.
day-to-day temperatures near large water bodies tend to be moderated rater than having large extremes

Question 30

Movement - Land-water heating differences

Answer 30

the movement of currents results in a mixing of cooler and warmer waters, and that mixing spreads the available energy over an even greater volume than if the water were still, reduces temperature difference in water

Question 31

explain Ocean currents and sea-surface temperatures

Answer 31

along midlatitude and subtropical wast coasts of continents, cool ocean currents flowing toward the equator moderate air temperatures on land
Ocean water is rarely found warmer than 31°C
Warm water adds energy to overlying air through high evaporation rates and transfers of latent heat, leading to warming ex; gulf stream; more water vapour leads to cloud formation, which reflects insolation and produces lower temperature, then reduce evaporation rates, an interesting negative feedback mechanism
SST; sea-surface temperature
It can change the land temperature, and so, we can see different variation of temperature of different city in similar latitude point, because of if they are close to water or not

Question 32

Gulf Stream

Answer 32

the warm current that moves northward off the east coast of North America, carrying warm water far into the North Atlantic, warming the temperature on land too

Question 33

Marine effect, or maritime effect

Answer 33

describes locations that exhibit the moderating influences of the ocean on air temperatures, usually along coastlines or on islands

Question 34

Continental effect or condition of continentality

Answer 34

refers to ares less affected by the sea and, therefore, having a greater temperature range between maximum and minimum temperatures on both a daily and yearly basis

Question 35

Isotherm

Answer 35

is an isoline - a line along which there is a constant value - that connects points of equal temperature to portray the temperature pattern

Question 36

how can soil and rock change temperature

Answer 36

Rate varies due to reduced temperature gradient with depth and variation in conductivity of diverse materials comprising soil and rock. The more depth, the less temperature range

Question 37

Thermal equator

Answer 37

is an isotherm connecting all points of highest mean temperature, roughly 27°C,

Question 38

Continental effects

Answer 38

Temperature is more pronounce (extreme, hot) over large continents , dominate in the Northern Hemisphere

Question 39

marine effects

Answer 39

Moderate range temperature, dominate in the Southern Hemisphere

Question 40

Temperature anomaly

Answer 40

is a difference, or irregularity, found by comparing recorded average annual temperatures against the long-term average annual temperature for a time period selected as the baseline, or base period (the basis for comparison)

Question 41

For each Celsius degree of global temperature increase

Answer 41

5%-10% changes in precipitation in many regions
3%-10% increases in the amount of rain falling during the heaviest precipitation events
5%-10% changes in flows of streams and rivers (either up or down)
25% decrease in the extent of Arctic summer sea ice
5%-15% reductions in crop yields (as currently grown)
200%-400% increases in the area burned by wildfire in some areas of the Western United States

Question 42

which years were the three hottest years on record

Answer 42

2014, 2015, 2016, 2016 the hottest

Question 43

Climate change

Answer 43

cause all the effects of atmospheric warming- these effects vary with location and relate to humidity, precipitation, sea-surface temperatures, severe storms, and many other Earth processes, caused by human activity, ex: positive feedback loop created by Arctic sea-ice melting and temperature rise
not the same thing as global warming, and should not be considered interchangeable

Question 44

Heat wave

Answer 44

is a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures, usually, but not always, in association with humid weather, higher humidity, higher heat index, and vice versa

Question 45

Wind chill

Answer 45

correlates cold and wind speed, stronger wind, lower wind chill index, and vice versa

Question 46

what combination creates the most heat discomfort for humans

Answer 46

combination of high air temperatures, high humidity, and low winds

Question 47

why is perspiration not as effective a cooling mechanism as in dry environments

Answer 47

because under humid conditions, the air cannot absorb as much moisture