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Fall 2023 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are three basic components of ecosystem?

A

Producers (P), Consumers (C) and the Abiotic component (A)

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2
Q

define flux of energy?

A

Energy flows through ecosystems,
ends up as heat (IR radiation)

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3
Q

what is primary production?

A

The rate at which solar energy is stored by photo-
synthetic activity; unit dry mass production per area
and time. (Also includes chemosynthesis)

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4
Q

What does GPP stand for?

A

Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Total rate of photosynthesis (and chemosynthesis)

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5
Q

What is Net Primary productivity?

A

Net primary productivity (NPP):
Gross production less respiration by the plants.
Energy and matter available for consumers.

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6
Q

T/F:Most of the products of photosynthesis are used by
autotrophs themselves and by heterotrophs

A

True

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7
Q

T/F: Chemotrophy is globally a less important part of
primary production than phototrophy, but can be
locally important.

A

True

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8
Q

what are some examples of chemotrophy?

A

Acid mine drainage, deep ocean hydrothermal vents, hot volcanic springs

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9
Q

what are the factors affecting Net primary productivity of an ecosystem?

A

temp & precipitation

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10
Q

what is the best condition for precipitation ?

A

the more rain, the more productivity. thus moist & warm

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11
Q

T/F: Net Primary Production
(NPP) of various
ecosystems shows a
close relationship with
the actual
evapotranspiration

A

True

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12
Q

the actual evapotranspiration is actually based on temperature and precipitation

A

True

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13
Q

the cooler it is the less net primary production

A

true

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14
Q

what is the average yearly net primary productivity of north america

A

2.17 kg C/m^2/year

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15
Q

High agricultural productivity in the
prairies often achieved by irrigation.

A

true

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16
Q

prevailing winds coming from south west(monsoon)

A

??

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17
Q

nutrient availability depends on…

A
  1. nutrient mineralization rate
  2. imports
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18
Q

what is Mineralization rate?

A

rate at which
nitrate, ammonium and other
nutrient ions are set free from
decomposing organic matter

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19
Q

pines grow on rather poor nutrient environment

A

true

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20
Q

for oceans precipitation is limited, and temperature varies. thus nutrients availability varies

A
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21
Q

why does oceans have highest highest productivity along
coastal regions?

A

high nutrient availability

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22
Q

what would we expect for high net primary productivity?

A

high mineral nutrient supply

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23
Q

define Eutrophic

A

Productive ecosystem with a
high nutrient availability

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24
Q

what is Oligotrophic?

A

Nutrient-poor ecosystem with
a low productivity

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25
Q

Mesotrophic

A

Intermediate nutrient availability

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26
Q

what terms are used to refer to aquatic ecosystem?

A

Eutrophic, Oligotrophic, Mesotrophic

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27
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum number of organisms of a given species
(consumers) that can be supported in a given area

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28
Q

T/F: Carrying capacity does not depend on the net primary production

A

False- it does depend on it

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29
Q

both Secondary production and Carrying capacity depend on net primary production

A

true

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30
Q

if the population is too large what happens to carrying capacity?

A

Too large population with respect to carrying capacity leads to a
(temporary) population collapse. This may lead to oscillating populations

31
Q

rabbits in sudbury increased due to carrying capacity years ago.

A

??

32
Q

Population overshoot of
consumers can reduce
the carrying capacity

A

True

33
Q

What happens to energy in the grass
that is eaten by an elk?

A

part of it :
1. leaves the body in form of heat, undigested, or it exuded.
2. part of it is gained(weight gain)

34
Q

why dung is important?

A

Dung contains energy.
It can be used for heating and cooking.
In a treeless environment, dung
is often the only available fuel.

35
Q

which animals rely on dung for energy?

A

Anellaria sepulchralis(fungus), slugs ( feeding on fox scat), Dung beetles

36
Q

how much does a white-tailed deer eat?

A

17% : gained (secondary production)
48%: Respiration (( heat production)
5%: Urine, Methane
5%:

37
Q

quadric or more percent of all energy is used and stored in feces.

A
38
Q

how does weights loss pill affect the energy system?

A

some targets digestible energy(reduce), some targets metabolizable energy(increase heat production)

39
Q

what is secondary production?

A

Production of tissue by heterotrophic organisms,
including their offspring

40
Q

Secondary production depends on the
animal ‘ s growth rate and reproductive rate

A

True

41
Q

Secondary production is the greatest for
fast-growing animals with a high birth-rate

A

true

42
Q
A
43
Q

why small mammals are important food for secondary consumers?

A
  1. hight productiviyt
  2. reproduc fast
    3.grow fast
  3. grow fast
  4. high mortality rate
43
Q

American Robin has a fast growing rate , around 13 days

A

true

43
Q

Body mass of a young robin increases during
its first 10 days by about a factor of 8.
To do that, human babies need 10 years

A

true

44
Q

what is the affect of agricultural meat production?

A

maximizes body weight gain

45
Q

why eating insects are more sustainable?

A

Eating insects instead of beef is environmentally more sustainable,
as small ectothermic organisms have a higher secondary
production for a given amount of resources used

46
Q

insects…

A

have higher protein production efficiency which is better for insects.

47
Q

assimilation efficiency?

A
48
Q

T/F: Ectotherms gain heat from the environment:
variable body temperature

A

True

49
Q

why endotherm have a high assimilation efficiency?

A

high AND constant body temperatures

50
Q

why endotherms have low net production efficiency?

A

their use of energy for heating.

51
Q

why endotherms have a high assimilation efficiency due to the
high AND constant body temperatures?

A
  • Digestive reactions fast at high temperatures
  • Enzyme functioning optimized at constant temperatures
52
Q

how much energy is passed to the next level in tropical level?

A

10%

53
Q

it takes 10,000 pounds primary
production to produce one pound of cat.

A

true

54
Q

Eating corn utilizes primary
production more efficiently than
eating corn-fed beef

A

true

55
Q

Grass-fed beef is, however, a
good way to utilize primary
production in areas which
cannot be used as arable land.
Humans cannot eat grass.
But! Carrying capacity is small

A

true

56
Q

percentage of agricultural production is higher in western world.

A

true

57
Q

In some ecosystem humans can live only by eating
heterotrophic organisms

A

true

58
Q

what happens to herbivores/vegeteriansat limited primary production?

A

At limited primary production,
herbivores/vegetarians have a higher
carrying capacity than carnivores

59
Q

Environmental sustainability depends on where the production takes
place and what the critical environmental issues are in that region(california)

A
60
Q

what happens ro primary production ?/

A

Primary production is either eaten (herbivory) or
it dies and is being decomposed

61
Q

Primary production leads to what?

A

Grazing food chain or Detrital food chain

62
Q

describe detrital food chain

A

The percentage of primary
production consumed by
herbivores is often quite
small, e.g., 3% in a deciduous
forest. The rest is consumed
by decomposers.

63
Q

describe Grazing food chain?

A

In heavily grazed pastures
herbivores may consume
up to 50% of the production.

64
Q

Commonly, major part of primary production
dies without being eaten.

A
65
Q

Detrital foodchain is the major pathway of
energy flow in most terrestrial ecosystems

A
66
Q

based on the ecological pyramide

A
67
Q

Is it possible that an ecosystem has a larger
biomass of carnivores than herbivores, and a larger
biomass of herbivores than plants

A

Yes, because the energy flow (production) is
more important than the standing crop

68
Q

In low-productive lakes, heterotrophic biomass exceeds autotrophic biomass.
This can be explained by longevity of the heterotrophs and/or additional food
sources such as imported organic carbon

A
69
Q

what is trophic cascade?

A

Consumer effect on primary producers

70
Q

Grazing by wilderbeest stimulates grass
growth in Serengeti.

A

example of trophic cascade

71
Q

top down / bottom up

A
72
Q
A

Fall 2023 (15 decks)

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